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Kasancewar karafan da radiation na microwave ke fitarwa yana da cece-kuce saboda karafa na kunna wuta cikin sauki.Amma abin da ke da ban sha'awa shi ne cewa masu binciken sun gano cewa yanayin fitar da baka yana ba da hanya mai ban sha'awa don haɗar nanomaterials ta hanyar rarraba kwayoyin halitta.Wannan binciken yana haɓaka hanyar roba mai araha mai araha wacce ta haɗu da dumama microwave da baka na lantarki don canza ɗanyen dabino zuwa Magnetic nanocarbon (MNC), wanda za'a iya la'akari da shi azaman sabon madadin samar da dabino.Ya ƙunshi haɗaɗɗen matsakaici tare da wayan bakin karfe mai rauni na dindindin (matsakaicin dielectric) da ferrocene (catalyst) a ƙarƙashin wani ɓangaren inert yanayi.An nuna nasarar wannan hanyar don dumama a cikin kewayon zafin jiki daga 190.9 zuwa 472.0 ° C tare da lokuta daban-daban na kira (minti 10-20).MNCs da aka shirya sabo sun nuna nau'ikan da ke da matsakaicin girman 20.38-31.04 nm, tsarin mesoporous (SBET: 14.83-151.95 m2/g) da babban abun ciki na ƙayyadaddun carbon (52.79-71.24 wt.%), da D da G makada (ID/g) 0.98–0.99.Samar da sababbin kololuwa a cikin bakan FTIR (522.29-588.48 cm-1) yana ba da shaida ga kasancewar mahaɗan FeO a cikin ferrocene.Magnetometers suna nuna babban jikewa na maganadisu (22.32-26.84 emu/g) a cikin kayan ferromagnetic.An nuna amfani da MNCs a cikin sharar ruwa ta hanyar kimanta iyawar su ta amfani da gwajin tallan methylene blue (MB) a wurare daban-daban daga 5 zuwa 20 ppm.MNCs da aka samu a lokacin kira (minti 20) sun nuna mafi girman ingancin talla (10.36 mg/g) idan aka kwatanta da wasu, kuma adadin cire rini na MB shine 87.79%.Saboda haka, ƙimar Langmuir ba su da kyakkyawan fata idan aka kwatanta da ƙimar Freundlich, tare da R2 kusan 0.80, 0.98 da 0.99 don MNCs da aka haɗa a 10 min (MNC10), 15 min (MNC15) da 20 min (MNC20) bi da bi.Saboda haka, tsarin adsorption yana cikin yanayi daban-daban.Saboda haka, microwave arcing yana ba da hanya mai ban sha'awa don canza CPO zuwa MNC, wanda zai iya cire rini mai cutarwa.
Radiyon Microwave na iya dumama sassan kayan ciki ta hanyar hulɗar kwayoyin halitta na filayen lantarki.Wannan martanin microwave na musamman ne domin yana haɓaka amsawar zafi mai sauri da iri ɗaya.Don haka, yana yiwuwa a hanzarta aikin dumama da haɓaka halayen sinadarai2.A lokaci guda, saboda ɗan gajeren lokacin amsawa, yanayin microwave zai iya samar da samfuran inganci mai girma da yawan amfanin ƙasa3,4.Saboda kaddarorinsa masu ban mamaki, hasken lantarki na microwave yana sauƙaƙe haɗaɗɗun microwave masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ake amfani da su a yawancin karatu, gami da halayen sinadarai da haɗin nanomaterials5,6.A lokacin aikin dumama, dielectric Properties na mai karɓa a cikin matsakaici yana taka muhimmiyar rawa, tun da yake ya haifar da wuri mai zafi a cikin matsakaici, wanda ke haifar da samuwar nanocarbons tare da nau'o'i daban-daban da kaddarorin.Nazarin Omoriyekomwan et al.Samar da ƙarancin carbon nanofibers daga kwayayen dabino ta amfani da carbon da aka kunna da nitrogen8.Bugu da kari, Fu da Hamid sun yanke shawarar yin amfani da mai kara kuzari don samar da fiber na dabino mai kunna carbon a cikin tanda 350 W9 microwave.Don haka, ana iya amfani da irin wannan hanya don canza ɗanyen dabino zuwa MNCs ta hanyar gabatar da masu zazzagewa masu dacewa.
An lura da wani al'amari mai ban sha'awa tsakanin hasken lantarki na microwave da karafa masu kaifi, dige-dige ko rashin ka'ida10.Kasancewar waɗannan abubuwa guda biyu za su yi tasiri ta hanyar baka na lantarki ko walƙiya (wanda aka fi sani da fitar da baka)11,12.Arc za ta haɓaka samuwar wurare masu zafi da yawa da kuma yin tasiri ga abin da ya faru, ta haka inganta sinadarai na muhalli13.Wannan al'amari na musamman da ban sha'awa ya ja hankalin karatu daban-daban kamar gurɓataccen cire14,15, biomass tar cracking16, microwave help pyrolysis17,18 da material synthesis19,20,21.
Kwanan nan, nanocarbons irin su carbon nanotubes, carbon nanospheres, da rage yawan graphene oxide da aka gyara sun jawo hankali saboda kaddarorinsu.Waɗannan nanocarbons suna riƙe babban yuwuwar aikace-aikace kama daga samar da wutar lantarki zuwa tsarkakewar ruwa ko lalata23.Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar kyawawan kaddarorin carbon, amma a lokaci guda, ana buƙatar kyawawan kaddarorin magnetic.Wannan yana da matukar amfani ga aikace-aikacen multifunctional ciki har da babban adsorption na ions karfe da rini a cikin maganin ruwa mai tsabta, masu gyara maganadisu a cikin biofuels har ma da inganci mai inganci microwave absorbers24,25,26,27,28.A lokaci guda, waɗannan carbons suna da wani fa'ida, gami da haɓaka a cikin farfajiyar wurin aikin samfurin.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, bincike game da kayan nanocarbon na maganadisu yana karuwa.Yawanci, waɗannan nanocarbons na maganadisu abubuwa ne masu aiki da yawa waɗanda ke ɗauke da nanosized kayan maganadisu waɗanda zasu iya haifar da ƙararrakin waje don amsawa, kamar su electrostatic na waje ko sauran filayen maganadisu29.Saboda kaddarorinsu na maganadisu, Magnetic nanocarbons za a iya haɗa su tare da kewayon sinadarai masu aiki da sarƙaƙƙiya don immobilization30.A halin yanzu, Magnetic nanocarbons (MNCs) yana nuna kyakkyawan inganci a cikin tallan gurɓataccen iska daga mafita mai ruwa.Bugu da ƙari, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanki da pores da aka kafa a cikin MNCs na iya ƙara ƙarfin talla31.Magnetic separators na iya raba MNCs daga mafita mai saurin amsawa, mai da su zuwa sorbent32 mai yuwuwa da sarrafawa.
Masu bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa ana iya samar da nanocarbons masu inganci ta amfani da danyen dabino33,34.Man dabino, a kimiyance da aka fi sani da Elais Guneensis, ana daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman mai da ake ci tare da samar da kusan tan miliyan 76.55 a shekarar 202135. Danyen dabino ko CPO ya ƙunshi madaidaicin rabo na fatty acid (EFAs) da cikakken fatty acids. (Singapore Monetary Authority).Yawancin hydrocarbons a cikin CPO sune triglycerides, glyceride wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa uku na triglyceride acetate da kuma glycerol 36.Wadannan hydrocarbons na iya zama gama gari saboda babban abun ciki na carbon, yana mai da su yuwuwar koren precursors don samar da nanocarbon37.Bisa ga wallafe-wallafen, CNT37,38,39,40, carbon nanospheres33,41 da graphene34,42,43 yawanci ana haɗa su ta hanyar amfani da ɗanyen dabino ko man mai.Waɗannan nanocarbons suna da babban yuwuwar a aikace-aikace kama daga samar da wutar lantarki zuwa tsarkakewar ruwa ko lalata.
Haɗin zafin jiki kamar CVD38 ko pyrolysis33 ya zama hanya mai kyau don lalata dabino.Abin takaici, yanayin zafi mai zafi a cikin tsari yana ƙara yawan farashin samarwa.Samar da kayan da aka fi so 44 yana buƙatar tsayi, matakai masu banƙyama da hanyoyin tsaftacewa.Duk da haka, buƙatar rabuwa ta jiki da fashe ba za a iya musantawa ba saboda kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na ɗanyen dabino a yanayin zafi mai zafi45.Don haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin yanayin zafi don canza ɗanyen dabino zuwa kayan carbonaceous.Ana iya la'akari da arc ruwa a matsayin mafi kyawun yuwuwar da sabuwar hanya don haɗakar nanocarbon magnetic nanocarbon 46.Wannan tsarin yana ba da kuzari kai tsaye ga masu ƙididdigewa da mafita a cikin jahohi masu farin ciki sosai.Fitar baka na iya haifar da karyewar hayoyin carbon da ke cikin ɗanyen dabino ya karye.Koyaya, tazarar lantarki da aka yi amfani da ita na iya buƙatar biyan buƙatu masu tsauri, wanda zai iyakance ma'aunin masana'antu, don haka ana buƙatar haɓaka ingantaccen hanya.
A iyakar saninmu, bincike kan fitar da baka ta amfani da microwaves a matsayin hanyar hada nanocarbons yana da iyaka.Har ila yau, ba a yi cikakken bincike kan amfani da danyen dabino a matsayin mafari ba.Sabili da haka, wannan binciken yana da nufin gano yiwuwar samar da nanocarbons na Magnetic daga albarkatun man dabino ta hanyar amfani da baka na lantarki ta hanyar amfani da microwave.Ya kamata a nuna yawan man dabino a cikin sababbin samfurori da aikace-aikace.Wannan sabuwar hanyar tace man dabino za ta iya taimakawa wajen bunkasa fannin tattalin arziki da kuma zama wata hanyar samun kudin shiga ga masu noman dabino, musamman abin da ya shafi kananan manoman dabino.A wani bincike da Ayompe et al ya yi a kan masu kananan sana’o’i na Afirka, masu kananan sana’o’i na samun karin kudi ne kawai idan suka sarrafa ’ya’yan itace da kansu suka sayar da danyen dabino maimakon sayar da shi ga ‘yan tsaka-tsaki, wanda aiki ne mai tsada da wahala47.A lokaci guda, haɓakar rufe masana'anta saboda COVID-19 ya shafi samfuran aikace-aikacen tushen dabino.Abin sha'awa, tun da yawancin gidaje suna da damar yin amfani da tanda na microwave kuma hanyar da aka tsara a cikin wannan binciken za a iya la'akari da yiwuwar kuma mai araha, ana iya ɗaukar samar da MNC a matsayin madadin ƙananan gonakin dabino.A halin yanzu, akan sikelin da ya fi girma, kamfanoni na iya saka hannun jari a manyan injina don samar da manyan TNCs.
Wannan binciken yafi maida hankali ne akan tsarin haɗakarwa ta amfani da bakin karfe azaman matsakaicin dielectric na tsawon lokaci daban-daban.Yawancin karatun gabaɗaya ta amfani da microwaves da nanocarbons suna ba da shawarar lokacin haɗakarwa mai karɓa na mintuna 30 ko fiye33,34.Domin tallafawa ra'ayi mai yuwuwa mai yuwuwa, wannan binciken ya yi niyya don samun MNCs tare da matsakaicin lokacin haɗawa.A lokaci guda kuma, binciken ya zana hoton matakin shirye-shiryen fasaha na 3 kamar yadda ka'idar ta tabbatar kuma an aiwatar da ita akan ma'aunin dakin gwaje-gwaje.Daga baya, sakamakon MNCs an siffata su ta zahiri, sinadarai, da abubuwan maganadisu.An yi amfani da Methylene blue don nuna ƙarfin tallan da aka samu na MNCs.
An samu danyen mai daga Apas Balung Mill, Sawit Kinabalu Sdn.Bhd., Tawau, kuma ana amfani dashi azaman maƙalar carbon don haɗawa.A wannan yanayin, an yi amfani da waya ta bakin karfe tare da diamita na 0.90 mm a matsayin matsakaicin dielectric.Ferrocene (tsarki 99%), wanda aka samo daga Sigma-Aldrich, Amurka, an zaɓi shi azaman mai haɓakawa a cikin wannan aikin.An ƙara amfani da Methylene blue (Bendosen, 100 g) don gwaje-gwajen talla.
A cikin wannan binciken, tanda microwave na gida (Panasonic: SAM-MG23K3513GK) an canza shi zuwa injin injin microwave.An yi ramuka guda uku a cikin ɓangaren sama na tanda na microwave don shigarwa da fitarwa na iskar gas da thermocouple.An keɓe masu binciken thermocouple tare da bututun yumbu kuma an sanya su ƙarƙashin yanayi iri ɗaya don kowane gwaji don hana haɗari.A halin yanzu, an yi amfani da reactor gilashin borosilicate tare da murfi mai ramuka uku don ɗaukar samfurori da trachea.Za'a iya yin nuni da zane-zane na injin injin microwave a Ƙarin Hoto 1.
Yin amfani da ɗanyen dabino a matsayin maƙalar carbon da ferrocene a matsayin mai kara kuzari, an haɗa nanocarbons na maganadisu.Kimanin kashi 5% na nauyin ferrocene mai kara kuzari an shirya shi ta hanyar slurry catalyst.An haxa Ferrocene da 20 ml na ɗanyen dabino a rpm 60 na minti 30.Daga nan sai aka juya gaurayar zuwa wani crucible na alumina, kuma an narkar da igiyar bakin karfe mai tsayi 30 cm kuma an sanya shi a tsaye a cikin kwandon.Sanya alumina crucible a cikin gilashin reactor kuma aminta da shi a cikin tanda microwave tare da murfin gilashin da aka rufe.An hura Nitrogen a cikin ɗakin mintuna 5 kafin fara amsawa don cire iska maras so daga ɗakin.An ƙara ƙarfin microwave zuwa 800W saboda wannan shine matsakaicin ƙarfin microwave wanda zai iya kula da farawar baka mai kyau.Sabili da haka, wannan na iya taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar yanayi masu kyau don halayen roba.A lokaci guda, wannan kuma shine kewayon wutar lantarki da ake amfani da shi sosai a cikin watts don halayen fusion na microwave48,49.An yi zafi da cakuda don minti 10, 15 ko 20 yayin amsawa.Bayan kammala aikin, reactor da microwave an sanyaya su ta dabi'a zuwa zafin jiki.Samfurin ƙarshe na alumina crucible ya kasance baƙar hazo tare da wayoyi masu helical.
An tattara ruwan baƙar fata kuma an wanke shi sau da yawa tare da ethanol, isopropanol (70%) da ruwa mai narkewa.Bayan wankewa da tsaftacewa, samfurin yana bushe dare ɗaya a 80 ° C a cikin tanda na al'ada don ƙafe ƙazantattun da ba a so.Sa'an nan kuma an tattara samfurin don haɓakawa.An yi amfani da samfurori masu lakabi MNC10, MNC15, da MNC20 don haɗa nanocarbons na maganadisu na 10 min, 15 min, da 20 min.
Kula da ilimin halittar jiki na MNC tare da na'urar duban filaye na lantarki ko FESEM (samfurin Zeiss Auriga) a 100 zuwa 150 kX.A lokaci guda kuma, an yi nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin na asali ta hanyar hasken hasken X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).An gudanar da bincike na EMF a nisan aiki na 2.8 mm da ƙarfin ƙarfin hanzari na 1 kV.Specific surface area da MNC pore dabi'u da aka auna ta hanyar Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Hanyar, ciki har da adsorption-desorption isotherm na N2 a 77 K. An gudanar da bincike ta amfani da samfurin surface area mita (MICROMERITIC ASAP 2020) .
Ƙarfafawa da lokaci na nanocarbons na magnetic an ƙaddara ta hanyar X-ray foda diffraction ko XRD (Burker D8 Advance) a λ = 0.154 nm.An yi rikodin diffractograms tsakanin 2θ = 5 da 85° a ƙimar sikanin 2° min-1.Bugu da ƙari, an bincika tsarin sinadarai na MNCs ta amfani da Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).An gudanar da bincike ta hanyar amfani da Perkin Elmer FTIR-Spectrum 400 tare da saurin dubawa daga 4000 zuwa 400 cm-1.A cikin nazarin fasalin fasalin Magnetic nanocarbons, Raman spectroscopy an yi shi ta amfani da laser neodymium-doped laser (532 nm) a cikin U-RAMAN spectroscopy tare da manufar 100X.
An yi amfani da magnetometer mai girgiza ko VSM (Lake Shore 7400 jerin) don auna ma'aunin maganadisu na baƙin ƙarfe oxide a cikin MNCs.An yi amfani da filin maganadisu na kusan 8 kOe kuma an sami maki 200.
Lokacin nazarin yuwuwar MNCs azaman masu talla a cikin gwaje-gwajen adsorption, an yi amfani da cationic dye methylene blue (MB).An ƙara MNCs (20 mg) zuwa 20 ml na maganin ruwa mai ruwa na methylene blue tare da daidaitattun ƙididdiga a cikin kewayon 5-20 mg/L50.An saita pH na maganin a cikin tsaka-tsakin pH na 7 a duk lokacin binciken.An zuga maganin da injina a 150 rpm da 303.15 K akan rotary shaker (Lab Companion: SI-300R).Ana raba MNCs ta amfani da magnet.Yi amfani da spectrophotometer mai gani na UV (Varian Cary 50 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer) don lura da tattarawar maganin MB kafin da kuma bayan gwajin talla, kuma koma zuwa madaidaicin ma'aunin shuɗi na methylene a matsakaicin zangon 664 nm.An maimaita gwajin sau uku kuma an ba da matsakaicin ƙimar.An ƙididdige cire MG daga maganin ta amfani da ma'auni na gaba ɗaya don adadin MC da aka tallata a ma'auni qe da kashi na cirewa %.
An kuma gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a kan isotherm na adsorption tare da motsa jiki daban-daban (5-20 mg / l) na maganin MG da 20 MG na adsorbent a yawan zafin jiki na 293.15 K. MG ga duk MNCs.
An yi nazari sosai akan ƙarfe da carbon magnet a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata.Wadannan kayan maganadisu na carbon suna jan hankali sosai saboda kyawawan halayensu na lantarki, wanda ke haifar da yuwuwar aikace-aikacen fasaha daban-daban, galibi a cikin kayan lantarki da kuma kula da ruwa.A cikin wannan binciken, an haɗa nanocarbons ta hanyar tsattsage hydrocarbons a cikin ɗanyen dabino ta hanyar amfani da fiɗa na microwave.An gudanar da haɗin gwiwar a lokuta daban-daban, daga 10 zuwa 20 min, a ƙayyadaddun rabo (5: 1) na mai ƙididdigewa da mai kara kuzari, ta amfani da mai tara ƙarfe na yanzu (ƙarƙasasshen SS) da kuma wani ɓangare na rashin aiki (iska mai ban sha'awa wanda aka tsarkake tare da nitrogen a farkon gwaji).Sakamakon ma'adinan carbonaceous suna cikin nau'i na foda mai ƙarfi, kamar yadda aka nuna a Ƙarin Fig. 2a.Abubuwan da ake samu na carbon da aka haɗe sun kasance kusan 5.57%, 8.21%, da 11.67% a lokutan kira na mintuna 10, mintuna 15, da mintuna 20, bi da bi.Wannan yanayin yana nuna cewa lokuta masu tsayi suna ba da gudummawa ga mafi girma yawan amfanin ƙasa51-ƙananan amfanin ƙasa, mai yuwuwa saboda gajeriyar lokacin amsawa da ƙarancin ayyukan haɓaka.
A halin yanzu, za a iya yin magana da wani yanki na yanayin zafin jiki da lokacin da aka samu nanocarbons a cikin Ƙarin Hoto 2b.Mafi girman yanayin zafi da aka samu don MNC10, MNC15 da MNC20 sune 190.9°C, 434.5°C da 472°C, bi da bi.Ga kowane mai lankwasa, ana iya ganin gangara mai gangare, wanda ke nuni da yawan zafin da ake samu a cikin ma'aunin zafi da sanyin jiki sakamakon zafin da ake samu a lokacin baka na karfe.Ana iya ganin wannan a 0-2 min, 0-5 min, da 0-8 min don MNC10, MNC15, da MNC20, bi da bi.Bayan kai wani matsayi, gangaren yana ci gaba da shawagi zuwa mafi girman zafin jiki, kuma gangaren ya zama matsakaici.
An yi amfani da microscopy na sikanin filaye (FESEM) don lura da yanayin saman samfuran MNC.Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fig.1, Magnetic nanocarbons suna da ɗan ɗan bambanta tsarin halittar jiki a wani lokaci daban na kira.Hotunan FESEM MNC10 a cikin fig.1a,b nuna cewa samuwar carbon spheres kunshi entangled da kuma haɗe micro- da nanospheres saboda high surface tashin hankali.A lokaci guda, kasancewar sojojin van der Waals yana haifar da haɗuwar nau'ikan nau'ikan carbon52.Haɓakawa a lokacin haɗakarwa ya haifar da ƙananan girma da karuwa a cikin adadin nau'i-nau'i saboda tsayin daka.A kan fig.1c yana nuna cewa MNC15 yana da kusan cikakkiyar siffa mai siffar zobe.Duk da haka, har yanzu aggregated spheres iya samar da mesopores, wanda daga baya iya zama mai kyau shafukan ga methylene blue adsorption.A babban girma na sau 15,000 a cikin siffa 1d ana iya ganin ƙarin nau'ikan nau'ikan carbon da aka haɓaka tare da matsakaicin girman 20.38 nm.
Hotunan FESEM na nanocarbons da aka haɗa bayan 10 min (a, b), 15 min (c, d) da 20 min (e-g) a 7000 da 15000 sau girma.
A kan fig.1e-g MNC20 yana nuna haɓakar pores tare da ƙananan sassa akan saman magnetic carbon kuma ya sake haɗawa da ilimin halittar jiki na magnetic kunna carbon53.Pores na diamita daban-daban da faɗin suna cikin dazuzzuka akan saman carbon magnetic.Saboda haka, wannan na iya bayyana dalilin da ya sa MNC20 ya nuna babban yanki mai girma da kuma ƙarar pore kamar yadda binciken BET ya nuna, kamar yadda ƙarin pores ya samo asali a samansa fiye da sauran lokutan roba.Micrographs da aka ɗauka a babban haɓakawa na sau 15,000 sun nuna nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta marasa daidaituwa da sifofi marasa daidaituwa, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 1g.Lokacin da aka ƙãra lokacin girma zuwa minti 20, an sami ƙarin nau'i mai banƙyama.
Abin sha'awa, an kuma sami murɗaɗɗen ɓangarorin carbon a wuri ɗaya.Diamita na spheres ya bambanta daga 5.18 zuwa 96.36 nm.Wannan samuwar na iya zama saboda abin da ya faru na bambance-bambancen nucleation, wanda aka sauƙaƙe ta babban zafin jiki da microwaves.Girman da aka ƙididdige na MNCs da aka shirya ya kai 20.38 nm don MNC10, 24.80 nm don MNC15, da 31.04 nm don MNC20.Ana nuna girman rarraba sassa a cikin ƙarin fig.3.
Ƙarin Hoto na 4 yana nuna ƙayyadaddun abubuwan EDS da taƙaitaccen abun da ke ciki na MNC10, MNC15, da MNC20, bi da bi.Bisa ga bakan, an lura cewa kowane nanocarbon ya ƙunshi nau'i daban-daban na C, O, da Fe.Wannan shi ne saboda daban-daban hadawan abu da iskar shaka da fashe halayen faruwa a lokacin ƙarin kira lokaci.An yi imanin cewa babban adadin C ya fito ne daga ma'aunin carbon precursor, ɗanyen dabino.A halin yanzu, ƙananan kashi na O shine saboda tsarin iskar oxygenation yayin haɗuwa.A lokaci guda, Fe ana danganta shi da baƙin ƙarfe oxide da aka ajiye akan saman nanocarbon bayan bazuwar ferrocene.Bugu da ƙari, Ƙarin Hoto 5a-c yana nuna taswirar abubuwan MNC10, MNC15, da MNC20.Dangane da mahimmancin taswira, an lura cewa Fe yana da kyau rarraba akan saman MNC.
Nitrogen adsorption-desorption bincike yana ba da bayani game da tsarin tallan da kuma tsarin porous na kayan.N2 adsorption isotherms da jadawalai na MNC BET surface ana nuna su a cikin Fig.2. Dangane da hotuna na FESEM, ana sa ran halayen talla don nuna haɗin haɗin microporous da mesoporous tsarin saboda tarawa.Duk da haka, jadawali a cikin siffa 2 yana nuna cewa adsorbent yayi kama da nau'in isotherm na IV da nau'in H2 hysteresis madauki na IUPAC55.Irin wannan isotherm sau da yawa yana kama da na kayan mesoporous.Halin adsorption na mesopores yawanci ana ƙaddara ta hanyar hulɗar adsorption-adsorption halayen tare da kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta.S-dimbin S ko S-dimbin adsorption isotherms yawanci ana haifar da su ta hanyar tallan-Layer-multilayer adsorption wanda ke biye da wani sabon abu wanda iskar gas ke tattarawa a cikin wani lokaci na ruwa a cikin pores a matsin lamba a ƙasa da matsa lamba na babban ruwa, wanda aka sani da pore condensation 56. Ƙunƙarar ƙwayar cuta a cikin pores yana faruwa a matsananciyar dangi (p / po) sama da 0.50.A halin yanzu, hadadden tsarin pore yana nuna nau'in hysteresis mai nau'in H2, wanda ake danganta shi da toshe ramuka ko zubewa a cikin kunkuntar pores.
Ana nuna sigogi na zahiri na farfajiyar da aka samu daga gwaje-gwajen BET a cikin Teburin 1. Yankin saman BET da jimlar pore duka ya karu sosai tare da haɓaka lokacin haɗawa.Matsakaicin girman pore na MNC10, MNC15, da MNC20 sune 7.2779 nm, 7.6275 nm, da 7.8223 nm, bi da bi.Bisa ga shawarwarin IUPAC, ana iya rarraba waɗannan matsakaitan pores azaman kayan mesoporous.Tsarin mesoporous na iya sa methylene shuɗi mai sauƙi mai sauƙi kuma mai yuwuwa ta MNC57.Matsakaicin Lokacin Magana (MNC20) ya nuna mafi girman yanki, sannan MNC15 da MNC10.Mafi girman yanki na BET na iya haɓaka aikin talla kamar yadda ake samun ƙarin rukunin yanar gizo.
X-ray diffraction alamu na hada MNCs aka nuna a cikin siffa. 3. A high yanayin zafi, ferrocene kuma fasa da kuma samar da baƙin ƙarfe oxide.A kan fig.3a yana nuna tsarin XRD na MNC10.Yana nuna kololuwa biyu a 2θ, 43.0° da 62.32°, waɗanda aka sanya su zuwa ɣ-Fe2O3 (JCPDS #39-1346).A lokaci guda, Fe3O4 yana da kololuwar matsa lamba a 2θ: 35.27°.A gefe guda, a cikin tsarin rarrabuwar MHC15 a cikin siffa 3b yana nuna sabbin kololuwa, waɗanda galibi suna da alaƙa da haɓakar zafin jiki da lokacin haɗuwa.Ko da yake 2θ: 26.202 ° kololuwa ba shi da ƙarfi, tsarin rarrabuwar ya yi daidai da graphite JCPDS fayil (JCPDS #75-1621), yana nuna kasancewar lu'ulu'u masu hoto a cikin nanocarbon.Wannan kololuwar ba ya nan a cikin MNC10, maiyuwa ne saboda ƙarancin zafin jiki yayin haɗuwa.A 2θ akwai kololuwar lokaci uku: 30.082°, 35.502°, 57.422° da aka danganta ga Fe3O4.Hakanan yana nuna kololuwa biyu suna nuna kasancewar ɣ-Fe2O3 a 2θ: 43.102° da 62.632°.Don MNC da aka haɗa don 20 min (MNC20), kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Fig. 3c, ana iya lura da irin wannan nau'i na rarrabawa a cikin MNK15.Hakanan ana iya ganin kololuwar hoto a 26.382° a cikin MNC20.Kololuwa masu kaifi uku da aka nuna a 2θ: 30.102°, 35.612°, 57.402° sune na Fe3O4.Bugu da ƙari, an nuna kasancewar ε-Fe2O3 a 2θ: 42.972 ° da 62.61.Kasancewar mahaɗan ƙarfe oxide a cikin sakamakon MNC na iya samun tasiri mai kyau akan ikon tallata methylene blue a nan gaba.
Siffofin haɗin sinadarai a cikin samfuran MNC da CPO an ƙaddara su ne daga ma'aunin tunani na FTIR a cikin Ƙarin Hoto na 6. Da farko, mahimman kololuwa shida na ɗanyen dabino sun wakilci sassa huɗu daban-daban na sinadarai kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin ƙarin Tebu 1. Mahimman kololuwa da aka gano a cikin CPO su ne 2913.81 cm-1, 2840 cm-1 da 1463.34 cm-1, waɗanda ke nufin girgizar girgizar CH na alkanes da sauran ƙungiyoyin CH2 ko CH3 aliphatic.Manyan gandun daji da aka gano sune 1740.85 cm-1 da 1160.83 cm-1.Kololuwa a 1740.85 cm-1 shine haɗin C = O wanda ester carbonyl na ƙungiyar aikin triglyceride ya haɓaka.A halin yanzu, kololuwa a 1160.83 cm-1 shine tambarin ƙungiyar ester CO58.59 ta tsawaita.A halin yanzu, kololuwa a 813.54 cm-1 shine tambarin rukunin alkane.
Don haka, wasu kololuwar shaye-shaye a cikin danyen dabino sun bace yayin da lokacin hadawa ya karu.Kololuwa a 2913.81 cm-1 da 2840 cm-1 har yanzu ana iya lura da su a cikin MNC10, amma yana da ban sha'awa cewa a cikin MNC15 da MNC20 kololuwar suna kan ɓacewa saboda iskar oxygen.A halin yanzu, bincike na FTIR na Magnetic nanocarbons ya bayyana sabbin ƙololuwar ƙima waɗanda ke wakiltar ƙungiyoyin ayyuka daban-daban guda biyar na MNC10-20.Ana kuma jera waɗannan kololuwa a cikin Ƙarin Teburin 1. Kolo a 2325.91 cm-1 shine shimfiɗar asymmetric CH na ƙungiyar aliphatic CH360.Kololuwa a 1463.34-1443.47 cm-1 yana nuna CH2 da CH lankwasa ƙungiyoyin aliphatic irin su dabino, amma ganiya ta fara raguwa da lokaci.Kololuwa a 813.54-875.35 cm–1 tambari ne na rukunin CH-alkane mai kamshi.
A halin yanzu, kololuwa a 2101.74 cm-1 da 1589.18 cm-1 suna wakiltar CC 61 shaidu da ke samar da C = C alkyne da zoben aromatic, bi da bi.Ƙananan tsayi a 1695.15 cm-1 yana nuna haɗin C = O na fatty acid kyauta daga ƙungiyar carbonyl.Ana samun shi daga CPO carbonyl da ferrocene yayin haɗuwa.Sabbin kololuwar da aka kafa a cikin kewayo daga 539.04 zuwa 588.48 cm-1 suna cikin haɗin ferrocene na Fe-O.Dangane da kololuwar da aka nuna a Ƙarin Hoto na 4, ana iya ganin cewa lokacin haɗawa zai iya rage kololuwa da yawa da sake haɗawa a cikin nanocarbons na Magnetic.
Spectroscopic bincike na Raman watsawa na Magnetic nanocarbons samu a lokuta daban-daban na kira ta amfani da Laser abin da ya faru tare da raƙuman ruwa na 514 nm an nuna su a cikin Hoto 4. Duk nau'in MNC10, MNC15 da MNC20 sun ƙunshi nau'i biyu masu tsanani da ke hade da ƙananan sp3 carbon, yawanci. samu a cikin nanographite crystallites tare da lahani a cikin yanayin rawar jiki na nau'in carbon sp262.Kololuwar farko, wacce ke cikin yanki na 1333-1354 cm–1, tana wakiltar rukunin D, wanda ba shi da kyau ga graphite mai kyau kuma ya dace da matsalar tsari da sauran ƙazanta63,64.Na biyu mafi mahimmanci kololuwa a kusa da 1537-1595 cm-1 ya taso ne daga shimfidar haɗin jirgin sama ko crystalline da siffofin graphite.Koyaya, kololuwar ta canza da kusan 10 cm-1 idan aka kwatanta da rukunin G na graphite, yana nuni da cewa MNCs suna da ƙaramin tsari na tattara takarda da ƙarancin tsari.Ana amfani da ƙarfin dangi na ƙungiyoyin D da G (ID/IG) don kimanta tsabtar ƙira da samfuran graphite.Dangane da binciken Raman spectroscopic, duk MNCs suna da ƙimar ID / IG a cikin kewayon 0.98-0.99, yana nuna lahani na tsari saboda haɓakar Sp3.Wannan halin da ake ciki zai iya bayyana kasancewar ƙananan ƙananan 2θ a cikin yanayin XPA: 26.20 ° don MNK15 da 26.28 ° don MNK20, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Fig. 4, wanda aka sanya shi zuwa ga mafi girman graphite a cikin fayil na JCPDS.Matsakaicin ID / IG MNC da aka samu a cikin wannan aikin suna cikin kewayon sauran nanocarbons magnetic, alal misali, 0.85-1.03 don hanyar hydrothermal da 0.78-0.9665.66 don hanyar pyrolytic.Saboda haka, wannan rabo yana nuna cewa ana iya amfani da hanyar da ake amfani da ita a yanzu.
An bincika halayen maganadisu na MNCs ta amfani da magnetometer mai girgiza.An nuna sakamakon hysteresis a cikin Fig.5.A matsayinka na mai mulki, MNCs suna samun magnetism daga ferrocene yayin haɗuwa.Waɗannan ƙarin kaddarorin maganadisu na iya ƙara ƙarfin adsorption na nanocarbons a nan gaba.Kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 5, ana iya gano samfuran azaman kayan superparamagnetic.A cewar Wahajuddin & Arora67, yanayin superparamagnetic shine cewa samfurin yana magnetized zuwa jikewa magnetization (MS) lokacin da ake amfani da filin maganadisu na waje.Daga baya, ragowar hulɗar maganadisu ba ya fitowa a cikin samfuran67.Abin lura ne cewa jikewa magnetization yana ƙaruwa tare da lokacin kira.Abin sha'awa shine, MNC15 yana da mafi girman jikewar maganadisu saboda ƙaƙƙarfan samuwar maganadisu (magnetization) na iya haifar da mafi kyawun lokacin haɗawa a gaban maganadisu na waje.Wannan na iya zama saboda kasancewar Fe3O4, wanda ke da mafi kyawun halayen maganadisu idan aka kwatanta da sauran baƙin ƙarfe oxides kamar ɣ-Fe2O.Oda na lokacin adsorption na jikewa a kowace naúrar adadin MNC shine MNC15>MNC10>MNC20.Ana ba da sigogin maganadisu da aka samu a tebur.2.
Matsakaicin ƙimar maganadisu lokacin amfani da maganadisu na al'ada a cikin rabuwar maganadisu shine kusan 16.3 emu g-1.Ƙarfin MNCs don cire gurɓataccen abu kamar rini a cikin yanayin ruwa da sauƙi na cire MNCs sun zama ƙarin abubuwan da aka samu na nanocarbons.Nazarin ya nuna cewa Magnetic jikewa na LSM ana daukarsa a matsayin babba.Don haka, duk samfuran sun kai ƙimar jikewar maganadisu fiye da isa don tsarin rabuwar maganadisu.
Kwanan nan, filayen ƙarfe ko wayoyi sun ja hankali a matsayin masu ƙara kuzari ko dielectrics a cikin tafiyar da aikin haɗaɗɗiyar microwave.Halayen Microwave na karafa suna haifar da yanayin zafi ko halayen da ke cikin injin.Wannan binciken ya yi iƙirarin cewa tip da sharadi (naɗe) wayan bakin karfe yana sauƙaƙe fitarwar microwave da dumama ƙarfe.Bakin karfe ya furta roughness a tip, wanda take kaiwa zuwa high dabi'u na surface cajin yawa da kuma waje lantarki filin.Lokacin da cajin ya sami isassun kuzarin motsa jiki, ɓangarorin da aka caje za su yi tsalle daga bakin karfe, haifar da yanayi zuwa ionize, samar da fitarwa ko walƙiya 68.Fitar da ƙarfe yana ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci don magance halayen fashewa tare da matsanancin zafi mai zafi.Dangane da taswirar zafin jiki a cikin ƙarin siffa 2b, zafin jiki yana ƙaruwa da sauri, yana nuna kasancewar wurare masu zafi mai zafi baya ga ƙaƙƙarfan yanayin fitarwa.
A wannan yanayin, ana lura da tasirin thermal, tun da raunin da aka ɗaure electrons na iya motsawa da mai da hankali kan saman da kan tip69.Lokacin da bakin karfe ya ji rauni, babban yanki na karfe a cikin bayani yana taimakawa wajen haifar da igiyoyin ruwa a saman kayan kuma yana kula da tasirin dumama.Wannan yanayin yadda ya kamata yana taimakawa wajen tsage dogon sarƙoƙin carbon na CPO da ferrocene da ferrocene.Kamar yadda aka nuna a Ƙarin Hoto 2b, yawan zafin jiki akai-akai yana nuna cewa ana ganin tasirin dumama iri ɗaya a cikin maganin.
Ana nuna tsarin da aka tsara don samar da MNCs a Ƙarin Hoto na 7. Dogayen sarƙoƙin carbon na CPO da ferrocene sun fara fashe a babban zafin jiki.Man ya ruguje ya samar da tsagaggun hydrocarbons waɗanda suka zama abubuwan da ake kira carbon precursors da aka sani da globules a cikin hoton FESEM MNC1070.Saboda makamashin yanayi da matsa lamba 71 a cikin yanayin yanayi.A lokaci guda kuma, ferrocene kuma yana fashe, yana samar da mai kara kuzari daga atom ɗin carbon da aka ajiye akan Fe.Rapid nucleation sa'an nan kuma ya faru da carbon core oxidizes zuwa samar da wani amorphous da graphitic carbon Layer a saman ainihin.Yayin da lokaci ya ƙaru, girman sararin ya zama daidai kuma daidai.A lokaci guda kuma, dakarun van der Waals na yanzu suna haifar da tashin hankali na spheres52.A lokacin raguwar Fe ions zuwa Fe3O4 da ɣ-Fe2O3 (bisa ga nazarin lokaci na X-ray), nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙarfe iri-iri suna samuwa a saman nanocarbons, wanda ke haifar da samuwar nanocarbons na Magnetic.Taswirar EDS ya nuna cewa an rarraba atom ɗin Fe akan saman MNC, kamar yadda aka nuna a Ƙarin Figures 5a-c.
Bambanci shi ne cewa a lokacin kira na minti 20, haɗin carbon yana faruwa.Yana samar da manyan pores a saman MNCs, yana nuna cewa ana iya la'akari da MNCs a matsayin carbon da aka kunna, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hotuna FESEM a cikin Fig. 1e-g.Wannan bambance-bambance a cikin girman pore yana iya kasancewa da alaƙa da gudummawar baƙin ƙarfe oxide daga ferrocene.A lokaci guda, saboda yawan zafin jiki da aka kai, akwai ma'auni mara kyau.Magnetic nanocarbons suna nuna nau'i-nau'i daban-daban a lokuta daban-daban.Nanocarbons sun fi iya samar da sifofi tare da gajerun lokutan kira.A lokaci guda, ana iya samun pores da sikeli, kodayake bambancin lokacin haɗawa yana cikin minti 5 kawai.
Magnetic nanocarbons na iya cire gurɓatawa daga yanayin ruwa.Iyawar su don cire su cikin sauƙi bayan amfani shine ƙarin abu don amfani da nanocarbons da aka samu a cikin wannan aikin a matsayin adsorbents.A cikin nazarin kaddarorin adsorption na Magnetic nanocarbons, mun bincika ikon MNCs don lalata methylene blue (MB) mafita a 30 ° C ba tare da wani daidaitawar pH ba.Yawancin karatu sun kammala cewa aikin abubuwan da ake amfani da su na carbon a cikin kewayon zafin jiki na 25-40 ° C baya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance cirewar MC.Ko da yake matsananciyar ƙimar pH suna taka muhimmiyar rawa, zarge-zarge na iya tasowa akan ƙungiyoyi masu aiki na saman, wanda ke haifar da rushewar hulɗar adsorbate-adsorbent kuma yana shafar talla.Saboda haka, an zaɓi abubuwan da ke sama a cikin wannan binciken idan aka yi la'akari da waɗannan yanayi da kuma buƙatar maganin ruwa na yau da kullum.
A cikin wannan aikin, an gudanar da gwajin tallan batch ta ƙara 20 MG na MNCs zuwa 20 ml na maganin ruwa mai ruwa na methylene blue tare da ma'auni daban-daban na farko (5-20 ppm) a ƙayyadadden lokacin tuntuɓar 60.Ƙarin Hoto 8 yana nuna matsayi na ƙididdiga daban-daban (5-20 ppm) na methylene blue mafita kafin da bayan jiyya tare da MNC10, MNC15, da MNC20.Lokacin amfani da MNC daban-daban, matakin launi na mafita na MB ya ragu.Abin sha'awa, an gano cewa MNC20 cikin sauƙin discolored mafita na MB a yawan 5 ppm.A halin yanzu, MNC20 kuma ya rage matakin launi na maganin MB idan aka kwatanta da sauran MNCs.Ana nuna bakan da ake gani na UV na MNC10-20 a Ƙarin Hoto 9. A halin yanzu, ana nuna ƙimar cirewa da bayanan talla a cikin Hoto na 9. 6 da kuma a cikin tebur 3, bi da bi.
Za a iya samun kololuwar methylene mai ƙarfi a 664 nm da 600 nm.A matsayinka na mai mulki, ƙarfin kololuwa a hankali yana raguwa tare da raguwar ƙaddamarwar farko na maganin MG.A cikin ƙarin siffa 9a yana nuna nau'in UV-bayyananni na mafita na MB na ƙididdiga daban-daban bayan jiyya tare da MNC10, wanda kawai ya canza ƙarfin kololuwa.A daya hannun, kololuwar sha na maganin MB ya ragu sosai bayan jiyya tare da MNC15 da MNC20, kamar yadda aka nuna a Ƙarin Figures 9b da c, bi da bi.Ana ganin waɗannan canje-canje a fili yayin da ƙaddamarwar maganin MG ya ragu.Duk da haka, sauye-sauyen da aka samu ta dukkan carbon na maganadisu guda uku sun wadatar don cire launin shudi na methylene.
Bisa ga Table 3, sakamakon da aka samu na adadin MC adsorbed da kuma yawan adadin MC adsorbed an nuna su a cikin Fig. 3. 6. Tallace-tallace na MG ya karu tare da yin amfani da mafi girma na farko ga duk MNCs.A halin yanzu, adadin adsorption ko ƙimar cirewar MB (MBR) ya nuna akasin yanayin lokacin da maida hankali na farko ya ƙaru.A ƙananan ƙididdigar MC na farko, wuraren da ba a cika su ba sun kasance a saman adsorbent.Yayin da tarin rini ya karu, adadin wuraren da ba a cika su ba don tallata kwayoyin rini zai ragu.Wasu sun yanke shawarar cewa a ƙarƙashin waɗannan yanayi za a sami cikar wuraren aiki na biosorption72.
Abin takaici ga MNC10, MBR ya ƙaru kuma ya ragu bayan 10 ppm na maganin MB.A lokaci guda kuma, ƙaramin yanki ne kawai na MG ke tallatawa.Wannan yana nuna cewa 10 ppm shine mafi kyawun maida hankali don tallan MNC10.Ga duk MNCs da aka yi nazari a cikin wannan aikin, tsarin ƙarfin adsorption ya kasance kamar haka: MNC20> MNC15> MNC10, matsakaicin ƙimar sun kasance 10.36 mg/g, 6.85 mg/g da 0.71 mg/g, matsakaicin kawar da ƙimar MG 87, 79%, 62.26% da 5.75%.Don haka, MNC20 ya nuna mafi kyawun halayen talla a tsakanin haɗe-haɗe na nanocarbons na maganadisu, la'akari da ƙarfin talla da kuma bakan da ake iya gani na UV.Kodayake ƙarfin adsorption yana da ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da sauran nanocarbons na magnetic kamar MWCNT magnetic composite (11.86 mg / g) da halloysite nanotube-magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (18.44 mg / g), wannan binciken baya buƙatar ƙarin amfani da mai kara kuzari.Chemicals suna aiki azaman masu haɓakawa.samar da tsabta da hanyoyin roba masu yiwuwa73,74.
Kamar yadda aka nuna ta ƙimar SBET na MNCs, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun wuri yana ba da ƙarin wuraren aiki don tallan maganin MB.Wannan yana zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan nanocarbons na roba.A lokaci guda, saboda ƙananan girman MNCs, lokacin haɗuwa yana da gajeren lokaci kuma mai karɓa, wanda ya dace da manyan halaye na adsorbents75 masu ban sha'awa.Idan aka kwatanta da adsorbents na dabi'a na al'ada, MNCs ɗin da aka haɗa suna cike da maganadisu kuma ana iya cire su cikin sauƙi daga mafita ƙarƙashin aikin filin maganadisu na waje76.Don haka, lokacin da ake buƙata don duk tsarin jiyya ya ragu.
Adsorption isotherms yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar tsarin talla sannan kuma don nuna yadda rarrabuwa na adsorbate tsakanin ruwa da ingantattun matakai lokacin da aka kai daidaito.Ana amfani da ma'auni na Langmuir da Freundlich a matsayin ma'auni na isotherm na yau da kullum, wanda ke bayyana tsarin ƙaddamarwa, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 7. Tsarin Langmuir yana da kyau ya nuna samuwar Layer adsorbate guda ɗaya a saman waje na adsorbent.An fi siffanta Isotherms a matsayin filaye masu kama da juna.A lokaci guda, Freundlich isotherm ya fi dacewa da sa hannu na yankuna da yawa na adsorbent da makamashin tallan don danna adsorbate zuwa wani wuri mara kyau.
Tsarin isotherm na Langmuir isotherm (a-c) da Freundlich isotherm (d-f) don MNC10, MNC15 da MNC20.
Adsorption isotherms a ƙananan matakan solute yawanci layi ne77.Za'a iya bayyana wakilcin layi na samfurin isotherm na Langmuir a cikin ma'auni.1 Ƙayyade sigogin adsorption.
KL (l/mg) ne na Langmuir akai-akai wanda ke wakiltar alaƙar ɗaure MB zuwa MNC.A halin yanzu, qmax shine matsakaicin ƙarfin adsorption (mg/g), qe shine ƙaddamarwar adsorbed na MC (mg/g), kuma Ce shine ma'aunin ma'auni na maganin MC.Za'a iya bayyana ma'anar layi na samfurin isotherm Freundlich kamar haka:
Lokacin aikawa: Fabrairu-16-2023