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ASTM A240 304 316 Bakin Karfe Matsakaici Mai Kauri Plate Za'a iya Yanke shi kuma Na Musamman Farashin masana'antar China

Matsayin Abu: 201/304/304l/316/316l/321/309s/310s/410/420/430/904l/2205/2507
Nau'in: Ferritic, Austenite, Martensite, Duplex
Fasaha: Ciwon Sanyi Da Zafi
Takaddun shaida: ISO9001, CE, SGS kowace shekara
Sabis: Gwajin ɓangare na uku
Bayarwa: a cikin kwanaki 10-15 ko la'akari da yawa

Bakin ƙarfe ƙarfe ne na ƙarfe wanda ke da ƙaramin abun ciki na Chromium na kashi 10.5 cikin ɗari.Abubuwan da ke cikin Chromium suna samar da fim ɗin sikirin chromium oxide akan saman ƙarfen da ake kira Layer passivation.Wannan Layer yana hana lalata daga faruwa a saman karfe;mafi girman adadin Chromium a cikin karfe, mafi girman juriyar lalata.

Har ila yau, ƙarfen ya ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan abubuwa kamar Carbon, Silicon da Manganese.Ana iya ƙara wasu abubuwa don haɓaka juriya na lalata (Nickel) da haɓakawa (Molybdenum).

Halayyar babban carbon martensitic bakin karfe (HCMSS) wanda ya ƙunshi kusan 22.5 vol.% carbide tare da babban abun ciki na chromium (Cr) da vanadium (V), an gyara su ta hanyar narkewar katako na lantarki (EBM).Microstructure ya ƙunshi martensite da saura austenite matakai, submicron high V da micron high Cr carbides ana rarraba su daidai, kuma taurin yana da inganci.CoF yana raguwa da kusan 14.1% tare da ƙara tsayin daka na yanayi saboda canja wurin abu daga waƙar sawa zuwa jikin da ke gaba.Idan aka kwatanta da karafan kayan aiki na martensitic da ake bi da su ta hanya ɗaya, yawan lalacewa na HCMSS kusan iri ɗaya ne a ƙananan kayan aiki.Mafi girman tsarin lalacewa shine kawar da matrix na karfe ta hanyar abrasion wanda ke biye da iskar shaka na waƙar lalacewa, yayin da ɓarna mai sassa uku ke faruwa tare da ƙara nauyi.Wuraren nakasar filastik a ƙarƙashin tabon da aka gano ta hanyar taswirar taurin sashe.Musamman abubuwan al'amuran da ke faruwa yayin haɓaka yanayin lalacewa ana bayyana su azaman fashewar carbide, babban vanadium carbide tearout, da fashewar mutuwa.Wannan binciken yana ba da haske game da halayen lalacewa na masana'antar ƙari na HCMSS, wanda zai iya ba da hanya don samar da abubuwan EBM don aikace-aikacen sawa da suka kama daga shafts zuwa ƙirar alluran filastik.
Bakin Karfe (SS) ne m iyali na karafa ko'ina amfani da aerospace, mota, abinci da kuma da yawa wasu aikace-aikace saboda su high lalata juriya da kuma dace inji Properties1,2,3.Babban juriyar lalata su shine saboda babban abun ciki na chromium (fiye da 11.5 wt.%) a cikin HC, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga samar da fim ɗin oxide tare da babban abun ciki na chromium a saman1.Koyaya, yawancin maki bakin karfe suna da ƙarancin abun ciki na carbon don haka suna da iyakacin ƙarfi da juriya, yana haifar da rage rayuwar sabis a cikin na'urori masu alaƙa da lalacewa kamar abubuwan saukar da sararin samaniya4.Yawancin lokaci suna da ƙananan taurin (a cikin kewayon 180 zuwa 450 HV), kawai wasu zafi da aka bi da su na bakin karfe na martensitic suna da babban taurin (har zuwa 700 HV) da babban abun ciki na carbon (har zuwa 1.2 wt%), wanda zai iya ba da gudummawa ga samuwar martensite.1. A takaice dai, babban abun ciki na carbon yana rage yawan zafin jiki na martensitic, yana ba da damar samar da cikakken microstructure na martensitic da kuma samun microstructure mai jure lalacewa a babban yanayin sanyaya.Za'a iya ƙara matakai masu wuya (misali, carbides) zuwa matrix na ƙarfe don ƙara haɓaka juriyar lalacewa na mutu.
Gabatarwar masana'antar ƙari (AM) na iya samar da sabbin kayan aiki tare da abubuwan da ake so, sifofin microstructural, da ingantattun kayan aikin injiniya5,6.Misali, narkewar gado na foda (PBF), ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin walda masu ƙari na kasuwanci, ya haɗa da shigar da foda da aka riga aka yi don samar da sassa masu siffa sosai ta hanyar narkewar foda ta amfani da tushen zafi kamar lasers ko katako na lantarki7.Nazarin da yawa sun nuna cewa abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su na bakin karfe na iya wuce gona da iri na al'ada.Misali, austenitic bakin karafa da aka yiwa aiki ƙari an nuna suna da kaddarorin injiniyoyi masu inganci saboda mafi kyawun ƙirar su (watau dangantakar Hall-Petch)3,8,9.Maganin zafi na bakin karfe na ferritic na AM wanda aka yi masa magani yana haifar da ƙarin hazo waɗanda ke ba da kaddarorin injiniyoyi kama da takwarorinsu na al'ada3,10.Bakin karfe da aka karbe-dual-phase tare da babban ƙarfi da taurin, sarrafa ta hanyar sarrafa ƙari, inda ingantattun kaddarorin injina suka kasance saboda wadatattun matakan tsaka-tsakin chromium a cikin microstructure11.Bugu da kari, za a iya samun ingantattun kayan aikin injiniya na ƙari taurare martensitic da PH bakin karfe ta hanyar sarrafa austenite da aka riƙe a cikin microstructure da haɓaka machining da sigogin magani na zafi 3,12,13,14.
Har zuwa yau, abubuwan tribological na AM austenitic bakin karfe sun sami kulawa fiye da sauran bakin karfe.Halin tribological na narkewar laser a cikin wani nau'i na foda (L-PBF) da aka bi da shi tare da 316L an yi nazari a matsayin aikin sigogi na AM.An nuna cewa rage girman porosity ta hanyar rage saurin dubawa ko ƙara ƙarfin laser zai iya inganta juriya15,16.Li et al.17 gwada bushe zamiya lalacewa a karkashin daban-daban sigogi (load, mita da kuma zazzabi) da kuma nuna cewa dakin zafin jiki lalacewa ne babban lalacewa inji, yayin da kara zamiya gudun da kuma zafin jiki na inganta hadawan abu da iskar shaka.Sakamakon oxide Layer yana tabbatar da aikin ɗaukar hoto, raguwa yana raguwa tare da yawan zafin jiki, kuma yawan lalacewa yana ƙaruwa a yanayin zafi mafi girma.A cikin wasu nazarin, ƙari na TiC18, TiB219, da SiC20 barbashi zuwa L-PBF da aka kula da matrix na 316L sun inganta juriya ta hanyar samar da aikin daɗaɗɗen ƙaƙƙarfan juzu'i tare da haɓaka ƙarar juzu'i na barbashi masu wuya.An kuma lura da Layer oxide mai kariya a cikin L-PBF12 da aka kula da PH karfe da SS11 duplex karfe, yana nuna cewa iyakance riƙe austenite ta hanyar magani bayan zafi12 na iya inganta juriya.Kamar yadda aka taƙaita a nan, wallafe-wallafen sun fi mayar da hankali ne akan aikin tribological na jerin 316L SS, yayin da akwai ƙananan bayanai game da aikin tribological na jerin martensitic additively ƙera bakin karfe tare da babban abun ciki na carbon.
Electron Beam Melting (EBM) wata dabara ce mai kama da L-PBF mai iya samar da microstructures tare da carbides masu raguwa irin su babban vanadium da chromium carbides saboda ikonsa na iya kaiwa ga yanayin zafi mai girma da kuma duba ƙimar 21, 22. Littattafan da ke wanzu akan sarrafa EBM na bakin ruwa. karfe ne yafi mayar da hankali a kan kayyade mafi kyau duka ELM aiki sigogi don samun microstructure ba tare da fasa da pores da kuma inganta inji Properties23, 24, 25, 26, yayin da aiki a kan tribological Properties na EBM bi da bakin karfe.Ya zuwa yanzu, an yi nazarin tsarin sawa na baƙin ƙarfe mai ƙarfi-carbon martensitic da aka yi wa magani tare da ELR a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun yanayi, kuma an ba da rahoton nakasar filastik mai tsanani a ƙarƙashin abrasive (gwajin sandpaper), bushewa, da ƙazamar laka27.
Wannan binciken ya bincika juriyar lalacewa da kaddarorin juriya na babban bakin karfe na martensitic da aka yi da ELR a ƙarƙashin busassun yanayin zamiya da aka kwatanta a ƙasa.Na farko, an siffanta sifofin microstructural ta amfani da sikanin microscopy na lantarki (SEM), makamashi mai watsawa X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), rarrabuwar X-ray da nazarin hoto.Ana amfani da bayanan da aka samu tare da waɗannan hanyoyin a matsayin tushen lura da halayen tribological ta hanyar busassun gwaje-gwajen maimaitawa a ƙarƙashin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan ha] ha] ha] ha ቤቶች ake amfani da bayanan aka samo bayanan da aka samo, kuma a ƙarshe ana bincikar yanayin da aka sawa a saman.An ƙididdige yawan lalacewa kuma idan aka kwatanta da irin wannan nau'in kayan aikin martensitic.Anyi hakan ne don ƙirƙirar tushen kwatanta wannan tsarin na SS tare da tsarin sawa da aka fi amfani da shi tare da nau'in magani iri ɗaya.A ƙarshe, ana nuna taswirar ɓangaren hanyar lalacewa ta amfani da taswirar taswirar tauri wanda ke bayyana nakasar filastik da ke faruwa yayin hulɗa.Ya kamata a lura cewa an gudanar da gwaje-gwajen tribological na wannan binciken don ƙarin fahimtar abubuwan tribological na wannan sabon abu, kuma ba don yin wani takamaiman aikace-aikacen ba.Wannan binciken yana ba da gudummawa ga mafi kyawun fahimtar kaddarorin tribological na sabon ƙari da aka samar da bakin karfe na martensitic don aikace-aikacen lalacewa waɗanda ke buƙatar aiki a cikin yanayi mara kyau.
Samfurori na babban bakin karfe na martensitic carbon (HCMSS) da aka yi da ELR a ƙarƙashin sunan alamar Vibenite® 350 VBN Components AB, Sweden ne suka ƙirƙira kuma suka kawo su.Ƙirƙirar sinadarai na samfurin: 1.9 C, 20.0 Cr, 1.0 Mo, 4.0 V, 73.1 Fe (wt.%).Na farko, an yi samfuran zamiya busassun (40 mm × 20 mm × 5 mm) daga samfuran rectangular da aka samu (42 mm × 22 mm × 7 mm) ba tare da wani magani na bayan-thermal ta amfani da injin fitarwa na lantarki (EDM).Sa'an nan samfurori sun kasance a jere tare da SiC sandpaper tare da girman hatsi na 240 zuwa 2400 R don samun rashin ƙarfi (Ra) na kusan 0.15 μm.Bugu da kari, samfurori na EBM-masu magani high-carbon martensitic Tool karfe (HCMTS) tare da nau'in sinadarai na 1.5 C, 4.0 Cr, 2.5 Mo, 2.5 W, 4.0 V, 85.5 Fe (wt. .%) (wanda aka fi sani da kasuwa Vibenite® 150) Hakanan an shirya shi a cikin hanyar.HCMTS ya ƙunshi 8% carbide ta girma kuma ana amfani dashi kawai don kwatanta ƙimar ƙimar lalacewa ta HCMSS.
An yi siffa ta ƙaramin tsari na HCMSS ta amfani da SEM (FEI Quanta 250, Amurka) sanye take da na'urar gano hasken X-ray (EDX) XMax80 daga kayan aikin Oxford.Hotunan bazuwar hoto guda uku waɗanda ke ɗauke da 3500 µm2 an ɗauki su a cikin yanayin lantarki (BSE) da aka watsar sannan kuma aka bincika ta amfani da nazarin hoto (ImageJ®)28 don tantance juzu'in yanki (watau juzu'in juzu'i), girma da siffa.Saboda yanayin yanayin halittar da aka lura, an ɗauki ɓangaren yanki daidai da juzu'in ƙara.Bugu da ƙari, ana ƙididdige nau'in nau'in carbides ta amfani da ma'auni factor (Shfa):
Anan Ai shine yanki na carbide (µm2) kuma Pi shine kewayen carbide (µm) 29.Don gano matakan, an yi amfani da foda X-ray diffraction (XRD) ta amfani da X-ray diffractometer (Bruker D8 Discover tare da LynxEye 1D tsiri detector) tare da Co-Kα radiation (λ = 1.79026 Å).Duba samfurin akan kewayon 2θ daga 35° zuwa 130° tare da girman mataki na 0.02° da lokacin mataki na 2 seconds.An yi nazarin bayanan XRD ta amfani da software na Diffract.EVA, wanda ya sabunta bayanan crystallographic a cikin 2021. Bugu da ƙari, an yi amfani da ma'auni na Vickers hardness tester (Struers Durascan 80, Austria) don ƙayyade microhardness.Dangane da ma'aunin ASTM E384-17 30, an yi kwafi 30 akan samfuran ƙarfe da aka shirya a cikin haɓaka 0.35 mm na 10 s a 5 kgf.Marubutan a baya sun siffanta sifofin ƙananan tsarin HCMTS31.
An yi amfani da tribometer farantin ball (Bruker Universal Mechanical Tester Tribolab, Amurka) don yin gwaje-gwajen bushe-bushe, wanda aka yi dalla-dalla dalla-dalla sauran wurare31.Siffofin gwajin sune kamar haka: bisa ga daidaitaccen 32 ASTM G133-05, kaya 3 N, mitar 1 Hz, bugun jini 3 mm, tsawon awa 1.Aluminum oxide balls (Al2O3, daidaito aji 28/ISO 3290) tare da diamita na 10 mm tare da macrohardness na kusan 1500 HV da surface roughness (Ra) na kusan 0.05 µm, samar da Redhill Precision, Jamhuriyar Czech, an yi amfani da su azaman counterweights. .An zaɓi daidaitawa don hana tasirin oxidation wanda zai iya faruwa saboda daidaitawa kuma don ƙarin fahimtar hanyoyin lalacewa na samfurori a ƙarƙashin yanayin lalacewa mai tsanani.Ya kamata a lura cewa sigogin gwaji iri ɗaya ne da na Ref.8 don kwatanta bayanan ƙimar lalacewa tare da karatun da ake da su.Bugu da ƙari, an gudanar da jerin gwaje-gwaje masu yawa tare da nauyin nauyin 10 N don tabbatar da aikin tribological a mafi girma, yayin da sauran matakan gwajin suka kasance akai-akai.Matsin lamba na farko bisa ga Hertz shine 7.7 MPa da 11.5 MPa a 3 N da 10 N, bi da bi.Yayin gwajin lalacewa, an yi rikodin ƙarfin juzu'i a mitar 45 Hz kuma an ƙididdige matsakaicin matsakaicin juzu'i (CoF).Ga kowane kaya, an ɗauki ma'auni uku a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi.
An yi nazarin yanayin lalacewa ta hanyar amfani da SEM da aka kwatanta a sama, kuma an yi nazarin EMF ta hanyar amfani da software na Aztec Acquisition wear surface analysis software.An yi nazarin abin da aka sawa na cube ɗin da aka haɗe ta amfani da na'urar hangen nesa (Keyence VHX-5000, Japan).Mai ba da lamba Laser profiler (NanoFocus µScan, Jamus) ya duba alamar lalacewa tare da ƙudurin tsaye na ± 0.1 µm tare da axis z da 5 µm tare da axes x da y.An ƙirƙiri taswirar bayanin martabar lalacewa a cikin Matlab® ta amfani da daidaitawar x, y, z da aka samu daga ma'aunin bayanan martaba.Ana amfani da bayanan martaba da yawa a tsaye da aka ciro daga taswirar bayanin martaba don ƙididdige asarar ƙarar lalacewa akan hanyar lalacewa.An ƙididdige asarar ƙarar azaman samfurin madaidaicin yanki na bayanin martabar waya da tsawon waƙar lalacewa, kuma ƙarin cikakkun bayanai na wannan hanyar an bayyana su a baya ta hanyar marubuta33.Daga nan, ana samun takamaiman ƙimar lalacewa (k) daga wannan dabarar:
Anan V shine asarar ƙara saboda lalacewa (mm3), W shine nauyin da aka yi amfani da shi (N), L shine tazarar zamewa (mm), kuma k shine takamaiman ƙimar lalacewa (mm3/Nm) 34.Bayanai na juzu'i da taswirorin bayanan martaba na HCMTS an haɗa su cikin ƙarin kayan (Ƙarin Hoto S1 da Hoto S2) don kwatanta ƙimar lalacewa ta HCMSS.
A cikin wannan binciken, an yi amfani da taswirar taurin sashe na hanyar lalacewa don nuna halayen nakasar filastik (watau ƙarfin aiki saboda matsin lamba) na yankin lalacewa.An yanke samfuran da aka goge tare da dabaran yankan aluminum oxide akan injin yankan (Struers Accutom-5, Austria) kuma an goge su da maki SiC sandpaper daga 240 zuwa 4000 P tare da kauri na samfuran.Ma'aunin Microhardness a 0.5 kgf 10 s da nisa 0.1 mm daidai da ASTM E348-17.An sanya kwafin akan grid rectangular 1.26 × 0.3 mm2 kusan 60 µm ƙasa da saman (Hoto 1) sannan an yi taswirar taurin ta amfani da lambar Matlab® na al'ada da aka bayyana a wani wuri35.Bugu da ƙari, an yi nazarin microstructure na ɓangaren giciye na yankin lalacewa ta amfani da SEM.
Tsarin alamar lalacewa yana nuna wurin ɓangaren giciye (a) da ƙaramin hoto na taswirar taurin da ke nuna alamar da aka gano a ɓangaren giciye (b).
Microstructure na HCMSS da aka yi wa magani tare da ELP ya ƙunshi cibiyar sadarwa mai kama da carbide wacce ke kewaye da matrix (Fig. 2a, b).Binciken EDX ya nuna cewa carbides masu launin toka da duhu sune chromium da vanadium carbides masu arziki, bi da bi (Table 1).An ƙididdige shi daga nazarin hoto, an kiyasta girman juzu'in carbides zuwa ~ 22.5% (~ 18.2% high chromium carbides da ~ 4.3% high vanadium carbides).Matsakaicin girman hatsi tare da daidaitattun sauye-sauye sune 0.64 ± 0.2 µm da 1.84 ± 0.4 µm don V da Cr carbides masu arziki, bi da bi (Fig. 2c, d).Babban V carbides yakan zama mai zagaye tare da nau'in sifa (± SD) na kusan 0.88 ± 0.03 saboda ƙimar ma'auni kusa da 1 daidai da carbides zagaye.Ya bambanta, high chromium carbides ba daidai ba ne zagaye, tare da siffar siffar kimanin 0.56 ± 0.01, wanda zai iya zama saboda agglomeration.Martensite (α, bcc) da riƙe austenite (γ', fcc) kololuwar ɓarna an gano su akan ƙirar X-ray na HCMSS kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 2e.Bugu da ƙari, tsarin X-ray yana nuna kasancewar carbide na biyu.An gano manyan chromium carbides a matsayin M3C2 da M23C6 nau'in carbides.Bisa ga bayanan wallafe-wallafe, 36,37,38 diffraction kololuwa na VC carbides an rubuta su a ≈43 ° da 63 °, yana nuna cewa VC kololuwar an rufe su ta hanyar M23C6 kololuwar chromium-rich carbides (Fig. 2e).
Microstructure na babban-carbon martensitic bakin karfe bi da tare da EBL (a) a low girma da kuma (b) a high girma, nuna chromium da vanadium arziki carbides da bakin karfe matrix (electron backscattering yanayin).Hotunan mashaya suna nuna girman rabon hatsi na chromium-rich (c) da vanadium-rich (d) carbides.Tsarin X-ray yana nuna kasancewar martensite, riƙe austenite da carbides a cikin microstructure (d).
Matsakaicin microhardness shine 625.7 + 7.5 HV5, yana nuna ƙaramin ƙarfi idan aka kwatanta da bakin karfe da aka sarrafa na yau da kullun (450 HV)1 ba tare da magani mai zafi ba.An ba da rahoton taurin nanoindentation na manyan V carbides da manyan Cr carbides tsakanin 12 da 32.5 GPa39 da 13–22 GPa40, bi da bi.Don haka, babban taurin HCMSS da ake yi da ELP shine saboda yawan abun ciki na carbon, wanda ke haɓaka samuwar hanyar sadarwa ta carbide.Don haka, an kula da HSMSS tare da Elp yana nuna halaye na microstructractor da ƙarfi ba tare da wani ƙarin magani na ter-thermal ba.
Matsakaicin matsakaicin adadin juzu'i (CoF) don samfurori a 3 N da 10 N ana gabatar da su a cikin Hoto 3, kewayon mafi ƙanƙanta da matsakaicin ƙimar juzu'i an yi masa alama tare da shading translucent.Kowane lankwasa yana nuna lokacin gudu-gudu da tsayayyen lokaci.Lokacin gudu yana ƙare a 1.2 m tare da CoF (± SD) na 0.41 ± 0.24.3 N kuma a 3.7 m tare da CoF na 0.71 ± 0.16.10 N, kafin shigar da yanayin tsayayyen lokaci lokacin da rikici ya tsaya.baya canzawa da sauri.Saboda ƙaramin yanki na lamba da ƙaƙƙarfan nakasar filastik na farko, ƙarfin juzu'i ya karu da sauri yayin matakin gudu a 3 N da 10 N, inda ƙarfin juzu'i mafi girma da nisa mai tsayi ya faru a 10 N, wanda zai iya zama saboda don gaskiyar cewa Idan aka kwatanta da 3 N, lalacewar ƙasa ya fi girma.Don 3 N da 10 N, ƙimar CoF a cikin tsayayyen lokaci sune 0.78 ± 0.05 da 0.67 ± 0.01, bi da bi.CoF yana kusan tsayayye a 10 N kuma yana ƙaruwa a hankali a 3 N. A cikin ƙayyadaddun wallafe-wallafen, CoF na L-PBF ya bi da bakin karfe idan aka kwatanta da jikunan amsa yumbu a ƙananan nauyin da aka yi amfani da su daga 0.5 zuwa 0.728, 20, 42, wanda ke cikin kyakkyawar yarjejeniya tare da ma'auni na CoF a cikin wannan binciken.Ragewar CoF tare da haɓakar kaya a cikin tsayayyen yanayi (kimanin 14.1%) ana iya danganta shi da lalatawar saman da ke faruwa a mahaɗin da ke tsakanin saman da aka sawa da takwaransa, wanda za'a ƙara yin magana a cikin sashe na gaba ta hanyar nazarin saman saman. sawa samfurori.
Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na samfurori na VSMSS da aka yi da ELP akan hanyoyi masu zamewa a 3 N da 10 N, lokaci mai tsayi yana alama ga kowane lanƙwasa.
Ƙayyadaddun ƙimar lalacewa na HKMS (625.7 HV) an kiyasta a 6.56 ± 0.33 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm da 9.66 ± 0.37 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm a 3 N da 10 N, bi da bi (Fig. 4).Don haka, yawan lalacewa yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka nauyi, wanda ke cikin kyakkyawar yarjejeniya tare da karatun da ke gudana akan austenite da aka yi da L-PBF da PH SS17,43.A karkashin yanayin tribological iri ɗaya, ƙimar lalacewa a 3 N kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar ne na bakin karfe austenitic da aka bi da shi tare da L-PBF (k = 3.50 ± 0.3 × 10-5 mm3 / Nm, 229 HV), kamar yadda a cikin yanayin da ya gabata. .8. Bugu da ƙari, ƙimar lalacewa na HCMSS a 3 N ya kasance ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da na'urar austenitic bakin karfe na al'ada kuma, musamman, mafi girma fiye da waɗanda aka matsar da isotropic sosai (k = 4.20 ± 0.3 × 10-5 mm3)./ Nm, 176 HV) da kuma jefa (k = 4.70 ± 0.3 × 10–5 mm3/Nm, 156 HV) injin austenitic bakin karfe, 8, bi da bi.Idan aka kwatanta da waɗannan karatun a cikin wallafe-wallafen, ingantaccen juriya na HCMSS ana danganta shi da babban abun ciki na carbon da kafaffen hanyar sadarwa na carbide wanda ke haifar da tauri mafi girma fiye da ƙari injin austenitic bakin karfe da aka saba.Don ci gaba da nazarin yawan lalacewa na samfuran HCMSS, irin wannan samfurin na'ura mai ƙarfi na ƙarfe na martensitic Tool karfe (HCMTS) (tare da taurin 790 HV) an gwada shi a ƙarƙashin yanayi iri ɗaya (3 N da 10 N) don kwatantawa;Ƙarin kayan shine HCMTS Taswirar Bayanan Bayanan Sama (Ƙarin Hoto S2).Yawan lalacewa na HCMSS (k = 6.56 ± 0.34 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm) kusan daidai yake da na HCMTS a 3 N (k = 6.65 ± 0.68 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm), wanda ke nuna kyakkyawan juriya na lalacewa. .Waɗannan halayen ana danganta su da sifofin microstructural na HCMSS (watau babban abun ciki na carbide, girman, siffa da rarraba barbashi na carbide a cikin matrix, kamar yadda aka bayyana a Sashe na 3.1).Kamar yadda aka ruwaito a baya31,44, abun ciki na carbide yana shafar faɗi da zurfin tabo da kuma tsarin lalacewa na micro-abrasive.Koyaya, abun ciki na carbide bai isa ba don kare mutu a 10 N, yana haifar da ƙara lalacewa.A cikin sashe na gaba, ana amfani da suturar yanayin yanayin yanayi da yanayin yanayi don yin bayanin abubuwan da ke haifar da lalacewa da nakasar da ke shafar yawan lalacewa na HCMSS.A 10 N, yawan lalacewa na VCMSS (k = 9.66 ± 0.37 × 10-6 mm3/Nm) ya fi na VKMTS (k = 5.45 ± 0.69 × 10-6 mm3/Nm).Akasin haka, waɗannan ƙimar lalacewa har yanzu suna da yawa: a ƙarƙashin yanayin gwaji iri ɗaya, ƙimar suturar da aka dogara akan chromium da stelite ya yi ƙasa da na HCMSS45,46.A ƙarshe, saboda tsananin taurin alumina (1500 HV), ƙimar mating ɗin ba ta da kyau kuma an sami alamun canja wurin kayan daga samfurin zuwa ƙwallan aluminum.
Specific lalacewa a cikin ELR machining na high carbon martensitic bakin karfe (HMCSS), ELR machining na high carbon martensitic kayan aiki karfe (HCMTS) da L-PBF, simintin gyare-gyare da kuma high isotropic latsa (HIP) machining na austenitic bakin karfe (316LSS) a daban-daban aikace-aikace. an ɗora saurin gudu.Rubutun watsawa yana nuna daidaitattun ma'auni.Ana ɗaukar bayanai don bakin karfe austenitic daga 8.
Duk da yake hardfacings kamar chromium da stelite na iya samar da mafi kyau juriya juriya fiye da additively machined gami tsarin, ƙari machining iya (1) inganta microstructure, musamman ga kayan da fadi da kewayon yawa.ayyuka a ƙarshen ɓangaren;da (3) ƙirƙirar sabbin abubuwan saman sama kamar haɗaɗɗun ruwa mai ƙarfi.Bugu da ƙari, AM yana ba da sassaucin ƙira na geometric.Wannan binciken sabon labari ne kuma yana da mahimmanci saboda yana da mahimmanci don bayyana halayen lalacewa na sabbin kayan ƙarfe na ƙarfe tare da EBM, waɗanda wallafe-wallafen yanzu ke da iyaka.
Halin yanayin yanayin da aka yi amfani da shi da kuma ilimin halittar samfurori na samfurori a 3 N an nuna su a cikin fig.5, inda babban tsarin lalacewa shine abrasion wanda ke biye da iskar shaka.Na farko, karfen karfe yana da nakasar filastik sannan a cire shi don samar da tsagi mai zurfi 1 zuwa 3µm, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin bayanin martaba (Fig. 5a).Saboda tsananin zafi da ake samu ta hanyar ci gaba da zamewa, kayan da aka cire sun kasance a mahaɗin tsarin tribological, suna samar da Layer tribological wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan tsibiran babban oxide na baƙin ƙarfe kewaye da babban chromium da vanadium carbides (Hoto 5b da Table 2).), kamar yadda kuma aka bayar da rahoton ga bakin karfe austenitic da aka bi da shi tare da L-PBF15,17.A kan fig.5c yana nuna tsananin iskar oxygen da ke faruwa a tsakiyar tabo.Don haka, samuwar juzu'i yana sauƙaƙa ta hanyar lalata shingen juzu'i (watau oxide Layer) (Fig. 5f) ko cire kayan yana faruwa a wurare masu rauni a cikin microstructure, ta haka yana hanzarta cire kayan.A cikin duka biyun, lalata ɓangarorin juzu'i yana haifar da samuwar samfuran lalacewa a cikin keɓancewa, wanda zai iya zama dalilin haɓakar haɓakar CoF a cikin jihar 3N mai ƙarfi (Fig. 3).Bugu da ƙari, akwai alamun lalacewa kashi uku da oxides da sako-sako da lalacewa suka haifar a kan waƙar lalacewa, wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da samuwar micro-scratches akan substrate (Fig. 5b, e) 9,12,47.
Bayanan martaba (a) da hotunan hoto (b-f) na yanayin yanayin yanayin lalacewa na babban-carbon martensitic bakin karfe da aka bi da shi tare da ELP a 3 N, sashin giciye na alamar lalacewa a cikin yanayin BSE (d) da microscopy na gani na lalacewa. surface a 3 N (g) alumina spheres.
Slip bands kafa a kan karfe substrate, nuna roba nakasawa saboda lalacewa (Fig. 5e).An kuma sami irin wannan sakamakon a cikin binciken halin lalacewa na SS47 austenitic karfe da aka yi da L-PBF.Sake daidaitawa na carbides mai arzikin vanadium kuma yana nuna nakasar filastik na matrix karfe yayin zamewa (Fig. 5e).Micrographs na ɓangaren giciye na alamar lalacewa suna nuna kasancewar ƙananan ramukan zagaye da ke kewaye da microcracks (Fig. 5d), wanda zai iya zama saboda matsanancin nakasar filastik kusa da saman.Canja wurin kayan abu zuwa sassan aluminum oxide ya iyakance, yayin da sassan suka kasance marasa kyau (Fig. 5g).
Nisa da zurfin lalacewa na samfurori ya karu tare da karuwa mai yawa (a 10 N), kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin taswirar saman saman (Fig. 6a).Abrasion da hadawan abu da iskar shaka har yanzu sune manyan hanyoyin lalacewa, kuma karuwa a cikin adadin micro-scratches akan waƙar lalacewa yana nuna cewa ɓarnar ɓangarori uku kuma yana faruwa a 10 N (Fig. 6b).Binciken EDX ya nuna samuwar tsibiran oxide mai arzikin ƙarfe.Al kololuwa a cikin bakan sun tabbatar da cewa canja wurin abu daga abokin tarayya zuwa samfurin ya faru a 10 N (Fig. 6c da Table 3), yayin da ba a lura da shi a 3 N (Table 2).Tufafin jiki uku yana haifar da ɓarna daga tsibiran oxide da analogs, inda cikakken bincike na EDX ya nuna ɗaukar kayan daga analogs (Ƙarin Hoto S3 da Tebura S1).Ci gaban tsibiran oxide yana hade da rami mai zurfi, wanda kuma aka lura a cikin 3N (Fig. 5).Cracking da fragmentation na carbide yafi faruwa a cikin carbide mai arziki a 10 N Cr (Fig. 6e, f).Bugu da kari, high V carbides flake da kuma sanya kewaye matrix, wanda bi da bi ya haifar da lalacewa kashi uku.Wani rami mai kama da girmansa da siffa zuwa na babban V carbide (wanda aka haskaka a cikin da'irar ja) shima ya bayyana a sashin giciye na waƙar (Fig. 6d) (duba girman carbide da bincike na siffa. 3.1), yana nuna cewa babban V. carbide V na iya lalata matrix a 10 N. Siffar zagaye na manyan V carbides yana ba da gudummawa ga tasirin ja, yayin da manyan Cr carbides masu girma suna da haɗari ga fashe (Fig. 6e, f).Wannan halin rashin nasara yana nuna cewa matrix ya wuce ikonsa na tsayayya da nakasar filastik kuma cewa microstructure ba ya samar da isasshen ƙarfin tasiri a 10 N. Tsayawa a tsaye a ƙarƙashin ƙasa (Fig. 6d) yana nuna girman ƙwayar filastik da ke faruwa a lokacin zamewa.Yayin da nauyin ya karu akwai canja wurin kayan aiki daga waƙar da aka sawa zuwa ƙwallon alumina (Fig. 6g), wanda zai iya kasancewa a tsaye a 10 N. Babban dalilin da ya rage a cikin ƙimar CoF (Fig. 3).
Bayanan martaba (a) da hotunan hoto (b-f) na sawa saman topography (b-f) na babban-carbon martensitic bakin karfe da aka bi da shi tare da EBA a 10 N, sa sashin giciye a cikin yanayin BSE (d) da farfajiyar microscope na gani. na alumina sphere a 10 N (g).
A lokacin zamewar lalacewa, saman yana fuskantar matsalar matsawa da ke haifar da antibody, wanda ke haifar da babban nakasar filastik a ƙarƙashin sawa saman34,48,49.Sabili da haka, taurin aiki na iya faruwa a ƙasa da ƙasa saboda nakasar filastik, yana shafar tsarin lalacewa da lalacewa waɗanda ke ƙayyade halayen lalacewa na abu.Sabili da haka, an gudanar da taswirar taurin juzu'i (kamar yadda aka yi dalla-dalla a cikin Sashe na 2.4) a cikin wannan binciken don ƙayyade haɓakar yankin nakasar filastik (PDZ) a ƙarƙashin hanyar lalacewa a matsayin aiki na kaya.Tun da, kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin sassan da suka gabata, an lura da alamun nakasar filastik a ƙasa da alamar lalacewa (Fig. 5d, 6d), musamman a 10 N.
A kan fig.Hoto na 7 yana nuna zane-zane na tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki na alamun lalacewa na HCMSS da aka bi da su tare da ELP a 3 N da 10 N. Yana da kyau a lura cewa an yi amfani da waɗannan ƙimar taurin azaman ma'auni don kimanta tasirin aikin hardening.Canjin taurin da ke ƙasa da alamar lalacewa daga 667 zuwa 672 HV a 3 N (Fig. 7a), yana nuna cewa aikin hardening ba shi da mahimmanci.Mai yiwuwa, saboda ƙarancin ƙuduri na taswirar microhardness (watau nisa tsakanin alamomin), hanyar auna taurin da aka yi amfani da shi ba zai iya gano canje-canje a cikin taurin ba.Akasin haka, an lura da yankuna na PDZ tare da ƙimar tauri daga 677 zuwa 686 HV tare da matsakaicin zurfin 118 µm da tsayin 488 µm a 10 N (Fig. 7b), wanda ya dace da nisa na waƙar lalacewa (Fig. 7b). Hoto na 6 a)).An samo irin wannan bayanai akan bambancin girman PDZ tare da kaya a cikin binciken lalacewa akan SS47 da aka yi da L-PBF.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa kasancewar austenite da aka riƙe yana rinjayar ductility na ƙarar karafa 3, 12, 50, da kuma riƙe austenite yana canzawa zuwa martensite yayin nakasar filastik (tasirin filastik na canjin lokaci), wanda ke haɓaka ƙarfin aikin ƙarfe.karfe 51. Tun da VCMSS samfurin ƙunshi riƙe austenite daidai da X-ray diffraction juna tattauna a baya (Fig. 2e), an nuna cewa riƙe austenite a cikin microstructure zai iya canza zuwa martensite a lokacin lamba, game da shi ƙara taurin PDZ (sabili da haka). Hoto na 7b).Bugu da ƙari, samuwar zamewar da ke faruwa a kan waƙar lalacewa (Fig. 5e, 6f) kuma yana nuna nakasar filastik da ke haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar raguwa a ƙarƙashin aikin damuwa mai ƙarfi a zamewa lamba.Duk da haka, damuwa da aka haifar a 3 N bai isa ba don samar da ƙananan raguwa ko kuma canza canjin da aka riƙe austenite zuwa martensite da aka lura ta hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita, don haka an lura da hardening aiki kawai a 10 N (Fig. 7b).
Zane-zanen taurin ƙetarewa na lalacewa na babban ƙarfen ƙarfe na ƙarfe maras ƙarfi wanda aka yiwa injin fitarwa na lantarki a 3 N (a) da 10 N (b).
Wannan binciken yana nuna halayen lalacewa da ƙananan halaye na sabon babban ƙarfe maras ƙarfi na carbon martensitic da aka yi da ELR.An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen bushewa a cikin zamewa ƙarƙashin kaya daban-daban, kuma an gwada samfuran sawa ta hanyar amfani da microscopy na lantarki, laser profilometer da taswirar ƙetare sassan waƙoƙin lalacewa.
Binciken microstructural ya nuna daidaitaccen rarraba carbides tare da babban abun ciki na chromium (~ 18.2% carbides) da vanadium (~ 4.3% carbides) a cikin matrix na martensite kuma yana riƙe da austenite tare da ƙananan ƙananan microhardness.Hanyoyin lalacewa masu rinjaye sune lalacewa da oxidation a ƙananan kaya, yayin da lalacewa ta jiki guda uku ta haifar da manyan-V carbides da sako-sako da hatsin hatsi kuma suna taimakawa wajen sawa a karuwa.Adadin lalacewa ya fi L-PBF da na'urar austenitic bakin karafa na al'ada, har ma da na EBM injunan kayan aikin ƙarfe a ƙananan kaya.Ƙimar CoF tana raguwa tare da haɓaka nauyi saboda canja wurin abu zuwa jikin kishiyar.Yin amfani da hanyar taswirar taurin juzu'i, ana nuna yankin nakasar filastik ƙasa da alamar lalacewa.Mai yuwuwar tacewar hatsi da sauye-sauyen lokaci a cikin matrix za a iya ƙara yin bincike ta amfani da rarrabuwar kawuna na lantarki don ƙarin fahimtar tasirin taurin aiki.Ƙananan ƙuduri na taswirar microhardness baya ba da damar hangen nesa na taurin yankin lalacewa a ƙananan kayan aiki, don haka nanoindentation na iya samar da sauye-sauye taurin ƙuduri ta amfani da wannan hanya.
Wannan binciken ya gabatar da cikakken bincike a karon farko na juriya na lalacewa da kaddarorin juzu'i na sabon babban bakin karfen carbon martensitic da aka yi da ELR.Yin la'akari da 'yancin zane na geometric na AM da yiwuwar rage matakan machining tare da AM, wannan binciken zai iya ba da hanya don samar da wannan sabon abu da kuma amfani da shi a cikin na'urorin da ke da alaka da lalacewa daga shafts zuwa gyare-gyare na filastik tare da tashar sanyaya mai rikitarwa.
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