Pronunciation: stēl Aiki: suna Etymology: Middle English stele, daga Tsohon Turanci

Pronunciation: stēl Aiki: suna Etymology: Middle English stele, daga Tsohon Turanci, stEle;kama da Old High German stahalsteel, watakila kama da Sanskrit stakati, wanda ya ƙi.
Ƙananan barbashi na farar ƙasa (gudanar ruwa) da tama na ƙarfe suna da wahalar sarrafawa da jigilar su saboda kura da ruɓewa.Sabili da haka, ana sarrafa kayan foda yawanci zuwa manyan guda.Halayen kayan albarkatun kasa sun ƙayyade fasahar da ake amfani da su a cikin shuka.
Kwayoyin da aka gasa sun manne wuri guda zuwa guntu mai girman inci ɗaya.Yawanci ana amfani da ita don ƙurar tama da aka tattara daga tanderun fashewa.
Ana kafa ƙananan ƙananan ta hanyar danna kayan tare.Iron Briquetted Iron (HBI) shine takin ƙarfe mai ƙarfi wanda za'a iya amfani dashi a maimakon tarkacen ƙarfe a cikin tanderun lantarki.
Canji a cikin kaddarorin wasu karafa da gami, kamar karfe, wanda ke faruwa a yanayin yanayi ko matsakaicin matsakaici bayan aikin zafi ko ayyukan sanyi.Hannun kaddarorin da abin ya shafa sune: taurin, ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa, ƙarfin ɗaure, ductility, tauri, tsari, kayan maganadisu, da sauransu.
AISI tana aiki azaman muryar masana'antar ƙarfe ta Amurka akan manufofin jama'a kuma tana haɓaka ƙarfe azaman kayan zaɓi a kasuwa.AISI kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓakawa da aikace-aikacen sabbin samfuran ƙarfe da fasahar yin ƙarfe.AISI ta ƙunshi manyan masana'antun ƙarfe da na lantarki na arc tanderu, da kuma abokan hulɗa waɗanda suke masu kaya ko abokan ciniki na masana'antar karfe.
Duk wani nau'in ƙarfe da aka ƙara yayin narkewar ƙarfe ko aluminum don haɓaka juriya, taurin, ko ƙarfi.Karafa da aka fi amfani da su azaman abubuwan haɗakarwa a cikin bakin karfe sun haɗa da chromium, nickel da molybdenum.
Ana ɗaukar gaurayawan tushen baƙin ƙarfe ƙarfe ƙarfe idan abun ciki na manganese ya wuce 1.65%, silicon ya wuce 0.5%, jan ƙarfe ya wuce 0.6%, ko wasu ƙananan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa suna nan, kamar chromium, nickel, molybdenum ko tungsten.Ta hanyar maye gurbin waɗannan abubuwa a cikin girke-girke, ana iya ƙirƙirar kaddarorin ƙarfe daban-daban.
Karfe yana lalata da aluminum, manufar ita ce rage yawan iskar oxygen ta yadda a lokacin ƙarfafawa babu wani abu tsakanin carbon da oxygen.
Maganin zafi ko tsarin maganin zafi wanda ke sa coils ɗin da aka yi birgima kafin sanyi ya fi dacewa da ƙirƙira da lankwasawa.Ana ƙona takardar ƙarfe zuwa zafin da aka ƙayyade na ɗan lokaci kaɗan sannan a sanyaya.
A lokacin jujjuyawar coils masu sanyi, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hatsin ƙarfe yana buɗewa, wanda ke sa ƙarfen ya karye kuma ya karye.Annealing yana ba da damar samar da sababbin shaidu a yanayin zafi mafi girma, don haka "recrystallizing" tsarin hatsi na karfe.
Ana ƙididdige buƙatun ƙarfe bisa jigilar kayan niƙa da AISI ta ruwaito tare da shigo da kaya da Ofishin Kidayar ya ruwaito ya rage fitar da fitar da Ofishin ƙidayar ya ruwaito.Adadin kasuwannin cikin gida sun dogara ne akan wannan adadi kuma baya la'akari da kowane canje-canje a cikin kayan ƙirƙira.
Abubuwan da ke cikin carbon na bakin karfe ya kamata ya zama ƙasa da na carbon ko ƙananan ƙarfe (wato, ƙarfe mai ƙasa da 5% alloying abubuwan).Yayin da wutar lantarki ta wutar lantarki (EAF) ita ce hanyar gargajiya ta narkewa da tace bakin karfe, AAF ƙari ne na tattalin arziki saboda gajeriyar lokutan gudu da ƙananan yanayin zafi fiye da aikin ƙarfe na EAF.Bugu da kari, tace bakin karfe ta amfani da AOD yana kara samun EAF don yin narke.
Narkakkarwar da ba ta da kyau ana canjawa wuri daga EAF zuwa wani jirgin ruwa daban.Ana hura cakuda argon da iskar oxygen a cikin narkakkar karfe daga kasan jirgin.Tare da waɗannan iskar gas, ana ƙara wanki a cikin jirgin don cire ƙazanta, kuma iskar oxygen yana haɗuwa da carbon a cikin ƙarfe mara kyau don rage abubuwan da ke cikin carbon.Kasancewar argon yana ƙara kusancin carbon don oxygen, don haka yana sauƙaƙe cire carbon.
Yawancin kamfanonin haɗin gwiwar ba za su iya rage matakan daukar ma'aikata ba don rage farashi, don haka gudanarwa dole ne ya dogara da kora don cike guraben da, bi da bi, ba za a iya cika su ba.Da yake matsakaicin shekarun ma'aikatan masana'antu na iya wuce 50, yawan masu ritaya na iya ba wa waɗannan kamfanoni ƙarin sassauci don haɓaka gasa.
Mafi girman nau'in bakin karfe, yana lissafin kusan kashi 70% na duk samarwa.Saboda girman nickel da babban abun ciki na chromium, austenitic bakin karfe suna da juriya mafi ƙarfi a cikin rukunin bakin karfe.Austenitic bakin karfe suna taurare kuma suna taurare ta hanyar aikin sanyi (ta hanyar amfani da damuwa a ƙananan yanayin zafi don canza tsari da siffar karfe) maimakon ta hanyar maganin zafi.Ductility (ikon canza siffar ba tare da karya ba) yana da kyau ga austenitic bakin karfe.Kyakkyawan solderability da kyakkyawan aiki a ƙananan yanayin zafi ƙarin fasali ne na wannan ajin.
Aikace-aikacen sun haɗa da masu dafa abinci, kayan sarrafa abinci, gine-gine na waje, kayan masana'antar sinadarai, tirela na manyan motoci da kuma kwandon shara.
Mafi yawan maki biyu sune nau'in 304 (mafi yawan amfani da bakin karfe, yana ba da juriya na lalata a ƙarƙashin yanayi masu yawa) da kuma nau'in 316 (mai kama da 304, tare da molybdenum da aka kara don inganta juriya ga nau'o'in lalacewa).
Na'urar da ke matse babur karfe cikin kofa ko murfin da ake so, misali, ta amfani da tambari mai ƙarfi (mold).Karfe da aka yi amfani da shi dole ne ya zama isasshe ductile (tensile) don samun damar lankwasa ba tare da karye ba.
Yin amfani da na'urori masu birgima na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa, masu yin karafa na iya sarrafa girman (kauri) daidai gwargwado yayin da suke wucewa ta injin mirgina mai sanyi a cikin sauri fiye da mil 50 a cikin awa daya.Yin amfani da tsarin amsawa ko tsarin ciyarwa, firikwensin ratar kwamfuta yana daidaita tazarar da ke tsakanin juzu'in calender na birgima a adadin sau 50-60 a cikin daƙiƙa guda.Waɗannan gyare-gyare suna hana abubuwan da ba su dace ba daga yin injuna.
Na'urar sarrafa gurɓataccen iska da ake amfani da ita don tarko ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar tace ruwan iska ta cikin babban zane ko jakar fiberglass.
Sanyi birgima m karfe takardar ga mota jikin bangarori.Godiya ga jiyya na musamman, ƙarfe yana da kyaun shiga da ƙarfi, kuma yana da haɓaka juriya ga haƙora bayan harbe-harbe.
Ana amfani da tanderu mai siffar pear da aka lika tare da bulo mai hana ruwa gudu don sarrafa narkakkar ƙarfe da yayyafa baƙin ƙarfe daga tanderun fashewa zuwa ƙarfe.Har zuwa kashi 30% na albarkatun da ake ciyarwa a cikin mai canzawa na iya zama datti, sauran kuma narkakken ƙarfe ne.
Tushen wuta, wanda zai iya tace narke (batch) na ƙarfe a cikin ƙasa da mintuna 45, ya maye gurbin murhun murhun wuta a cikin 1950s, ƙarshen yana buƙatar sa'o'i biyar zuwa shida don sarrafa karfe.Ayyukan da sauri, ƙananan farashi, da sauƙi na aiki na BOF suna ba shi fa'idodi masu kyau akan hanyoyin da suka gabata.
Ana zuba tarkace a cikin tanderun, sannan a saka narkakken ƙarfe daga tanderun fashewar.Ana saukar da lance daga sama, ta inda ake hura magudanar iskar oxygen a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, yana haifar da halayen sinadarai wanda ke raba ƙazanta zuwa hayaƙi ko ƙwal.Bayan an gyare-gyare, ana zubar da narkakkar karfen da slag a cikin kwantena daban.
An yi birgima dogayen samfuran daga blanks.Rebar kasuwanci da rebar (rebar) nau'i biyu ne na gama gari inda rebar kasuwanci ya haɗa da zagaye, lebur, kwana, murabba'i da sandunan tasho kuma masana'antun ke amfani da su don kera kayayyaki iri-iri kamar kayan daki, tudun jirgi da kayan aikin gona.ana amfani da su don ƙarfafa kankare a hanyoyi, gadoji da gine-gine.
Ƙarfe Semi-ƙarfe formwork for "dogon" kayayyakin: sanduna, tashoshi ko wasu m siffofin.Billets sun bambanta da slabs a cikin girman su na waje;Billlets yawanci 2 zuwa 7 inci murabba'i ne, kuma slabs suna da faɗin inci 30 zuwa 80 da kauri inci 2 zuwa 10.Duk nau'ikan nau'ikan biyu galibi ana jefa su akai-akai, amma sunadarai nasu na iya bambanta sosai.
Cold birgima karfe takardar daga 12 "zuwa 32" fadi amfani da tushe abu (danye abu) ga tinning shuke-shuke.
Silinda mai tsayi wanda aka yi masa layi da tubalin da ake amfani da shi na ƙarfe (refractory) wanda injinan ƙarfe ke amfani da shi don narke baƙin ƙarfe daga taman ƙarfe.Yana ɗaukar sunansa daga "girgiza raƙuman ruwa" na iska mai zafi da iskar gas waɗanda aka tilasta ta hanyar ƙarfe, coke da limestone da aka ɗora a cikin kiln.
Matakai na farko don shirya tsiri mai lebur don masu amfani na ƙarshe.Blank shine takardar kayan da ke da girman waje iri ɗaya kamar ɓangaren da aka bayar, kamar kofa ko murfi, amma har yanzu ba a buga tambari ba.Masu ƙera ƙarfe na iya ba abokan cinikin su fanko don rage farashin aiki da sufuri;wuce haddi karfe za a iya gyara kafin kaya.
Ƙarfe Semi-ƙammala tsari na sashin rectangular sama da inci 8.Wannan babban ɓangaren simintin ƙarfe ya karye a cikin injin birgima don samar da sanannun H-beams, H-beams da tarin takarda.Blooms kuma wani ɓangare ne na tsarin samar da mashaya mai inganci: rage ɓangaren giciye yana inganta ingancin ƙarfe.
Hatsarin da ke haifar da rashin sarrafa kwararar narkakkar ƙarfe ko slag (ko duka biyu) daga tanderun fashewa saboda gazawar bangon tanderun fashewar.
“Tsohon filin” an bambanta da “filin kore” (ko sabbin abubuwa gaba ɗaya).Tsawaita abubuwa masu rai yana nufin ƙara zuwa abubuwan da ke akwai.
Ƙunƙara masu kyau a kan gefuna na tsiri sakamakon yankan ayyuka kamar tsagawa, datsa, sausaya ko ɓarna.Misali, lokacin da mai kera karfe ya yanke gefen takardar a layi daya ko kuma ya yanke shi cikin tsiri, gefunansa za su lankwashe wajen yanke (duba Edge-rolling).
Scrap mai kunshe da shirye-shiryen bidiyo da tambari a cikin samar da ƙarfe.Kalmar ta fito ne daga al'adar tattara kayan a cikin kwandunan daji lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.
Daidaitaccen bututu da ake amfani da shi a cikin bututun mai.Gawa mai zafi yana ci gaba da wucewa ta cikin rollers na walda, yana kafa bututu kuma yana danna gefuna masu zafi a kan juna, samar da karfi mai karfi.
Radian shine karkacewa daga madaidaiciyar gefen.Matsakaicin izinin haƙuri don wannan karkacewar gefe daga madaidaiciyar layi an bayyana shi a cikin ma'aunin ASTM.
Ƙarfin al'ada don samar da ƙarfe a cikin lokacin da aka ba da shi.Wannan ƙimar ya kamata ya haɗa da buƙatun kulawa, amma saboda ana tsara irin waɗannan ayyuka bisa ga buƙatun injin (maimakon kalanda na kalandar), shuka zai iya aiki sama da ƙarfin 100% na wata ɗaya sannan ya ragu sosai.dangane da gyaran gyare-gyaren Ƙarfin da aka shigar yana samuwa.
Ƙarfin ƙididdiga na injin niƙa ko smelter, ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun wadatar kayan abinci da saurin aiki na yau da kullun.
Ƙididdigar da aka yi amfani da su da kyau suna ba da damar kula da kayan aiki da kuma nuna matsalolin kayan aiki na yanzu.(Bottlenecks a cikin wadata da rarraba suna canzawa akan lokaci yayin da ƙarfin yana ƙaruwa ko raguwa.)
Karfe wanda ya ƙunshi farko na carbon na asali kuma tsarinsa ya dogara da abun cikin carbon.Yawancin karfen da ake samarwa a duniya shine carbon karfe.
Zaren casing, wanda shine tsarin tsarin bangon rijiyoyin mai da iskar gas, ya kai kashi 75% na jigilar kayayyaki tubular ƙasar mai (ta nauyi).Ana amfani da bututun rumbun don hana gurɓatar ruwan ƙasa da ke kewaye da rijiyar kanta.Ana ajiye rumbun a tsawon rayuwar rijiyar kuma yawanci ba a cirewa lokacin da aka rufe rijiyar.
Hanyar zub da narkakkar ƙarfe a cikin wani gyaggyarawa ta yadda ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfen da aka sanyaya ya kasance yana riƙe da siffar gyaɗa.
Tsarin jefar da narkakkar karfe kai tsaye zuwa siffarsa ta ƙarshe da kauri ba tare da ƙarin mirgina mai zafi ko sanyi ba.Wannan yana rage zuba jari, makamashi da farashin muhalli.
Ayyukan lodin kayan cikin kwantena.Misali, ana ɗora taman ƙarfe, coke da farar ƙasa a cikin tanderun fashewa, kuma an ɗora tarkace da narkakkar ƙarfe a cikin tanderun oxygen.
A sinadaran abun da ke ciki na karfe, bayyana abun ciki na carbon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus da sauran abubuwa da yawa.
Wani nau'i na alloying, wanda shine muhimmin albarkatun kasa don bakin karfe, yana ba da juriya na lalata.Idan bakin karfe ya lalace ta hanyar injiniya ko sinadarai, a gaban iskar oxygen, fim din da ya fito a zahiri a saman bakin karfe ana gyara shi, yana hana lalata.
Hanyar amfani da murfin bakin karfe zuwa carbon ko ƙaramin ƙarfe (wato ƙarfe mai ɗauke da abubuwan da ba su wuce 5%) ba.
1) bakin karfe waldi tare da carbon karfe;2) zuba narkakkar bakin karfe a kusa da wani m carbon blank a cikin wani mold;ko 3) sanya farantin karfen carbon tsakanin faranti biyu na bakin karfe da mirgina su a yanayin zafi mai zafi a cikin injin mirgine.Manna su tare..
Tsarin rufin karfe tare da wani abu (tirin, chromium da zinc), musamman don kariya ta lalata.