Muna son saita ƙarin kukis don fahimtar yadda kuke amfani da GOV.UK, tuna saitunanku da haɓaka ayyukan gwamnati.
Kun karɓi ƙarin kukis.Kun fita daga kukis na zaɓi.Kuna iya canza saitunan kuki a kowane lokaci.
Sai dai in an lura, ana rarraba wannan ɗaba'ar a ƙarƙashin Buɗaɗɗen lasisin Gwamnati v3.0.Don duba wannan lasisi, ziyarci nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 ko rubuta zuwa ga Manufofin Bayani, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, ko imel: psi@nationalarchives.gov.BIRITAIN MAI GIRMA.
Idan mun san kowane bayanin haƙƙin mallaka na ɓangare na uku, kuna buƙatar samun izini daga mai haƙƙin mallaka.
Ana samun littafin a https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/genomics-beyond-health/genomics-beyond-health-full-report-accessible-webpage.
DNA shine tushen duk rayuwan halittu kuma an fara gano shi a cikin 1869 ta masanin chemist na Switzerland Friedrich Miescher.Ƙarni na ƙarin binciken ya jagoranci James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, da Maurice Wilkins a cikin 1953 don haɓaka samfurin "helx biyu" na yanzu, wanda ya ƙunshi sarƙoƙi guda biyu.Tare da fahimtar ƙarshe na tsarin DNA, an ɗauki ƙarin shekaru 50 kafin a tsara cikakken tsarin halittar ɗan adam a cikin 2003 ta Tsarin Halittar Dan Adam.
Jadawalin halittar ɗan adam a ƙarshen karni shine juyi a fahimtarmu game da ilimin halittar ɗan adam.A ƙarshe, zamu iya karanta tsarin halittar halitta.
Tun daga lokacin, fasahohin da za mu iya amfani da su don karanta kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam sun ci gaba da sauri.An ɗauki shekaru 13 don jera kwayoyin halittar farko, wanda ke nufin yawancin binciken kimiyya sun mayar da hankali kan wasu sassa na DNA kawai.Yanzu ana iya jera dukkan kwayoyin halittar dan adam a cikin kwana daya.Ci gaba a cikin wannan fasaha na jerin abubuwan ya haifar da manyan canje-canje a ikonmu na fahimtar kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam.Babban binciken kimiyya ya inganta fahimtarmu game da dangantakar dake tsakanin wasu sassan DNA (genes) da wasu halaye da halayenmu.Duk da haka, tasirin kwayoyin halitta akan halaye daban-daban yana da wuyar warwarewa sosai: kowannenmu yana da kusan 20,000 kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke aiki a cikin hadaddun hanyoyin sadarwa waɗanda ke shafar halayenmu.
Har ya zuwa yau, binciken ya mayar da hankali kan kiwon lafiya da cututtuka, kuma a wasu lokuta mun sami ci gaba sosai.Wannan shine inda ilimin halittu ya zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci a fahimtarmu game da lafiya da ci gaban cututtuka.Manyan ababen more rayuwa na duniya na Burtaniya sun sanya ta a sahun gaba a duniya ta fuskar bayanan kwayoyin halitta da bincike.
Wannan ya bayyana a duk lokacin barkewar cutar ta COVID, tare da Burtaniya kan gaba wajen aiwatar da tsarin kwayoyin halittar kwayar cutar SARS-CoV-2.Genomics yana shirin zama babban ginshiƙi na tsarin kula da lafiya na Burtaniya na gaba.Ya kamata ya ƙara samar da gano cututtuka da wuri, gano cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da ba su da yawa da kuma taimakawa mafi dacewa da kula da lafiya ga mutane.
Masana kimiyya sun fi fahimtar yadda DNA ɗinmu ke da alaƙa da nau'ikan halaye daban-daban a fannonin da ban da kiwon lafiya, kamar aikin yi, wasanni da ilimi.Wannan bincike ya yi amfani da kayan aikin kwayoyin halitta da aka samar don bincike na kiwon lafiya, yana canza fahimtar mu game da yadda aka samar da nau'o'in halayen ɗan adam.Yayin da ilimin halittar mu game da halaye marasa kyau yana girma, yana da nisa a bayan halayen lafiya.
Dama da ƙalubalen da muke gani a cikin ilimin genomics na kiwon lafiya, kamar buƙatar shawarwarin kwayoyin halitta ko lokacin gwaji yana ba da cikakkun bayanai don tabbatar da amfani da shi, buɗe taga zuwa yuwuwar makomar kwayoyin halittu marasa lafiya.
Baya ga karuwar amfani da ilimin genomic a fannin kiwon lafiya, yawan adadin mutane suna samun masaniya game da ilimin genomic ta hanyar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da sabis na kai tsaye zuwa masu amfani.Don kuɗi, waɗannan kamfanoni suna ba wa mutane damar yin nazarin zuriyarsu da samun bayanan kwayoyin halitta game da nau'ikan halaye.
Haɓaka ilimi daga bincike na kasa da kasa ya ba da damar samun nasarar ci gaban sabbin fasahohi, kuma daidaiton da za mu iya hasashen halayen ɗan adam daga DNA yana ƙaruwa.Bayan fahimta, yanzu a zahiri yana yiwuwa a gyara wasu kwayoyin halitta.
Duk da yake ilimin genomics yana da yuwuwar canza bangarori da yawa na al'umma, amfani da shi na iya zuwa tare da ɗa'a, bayanai da haɗarin tsaro.A matakan ƙasa da ƙasa, ana tsara amfani da ilimin genomics ta wasu jagororin son rai da ƙarin ƙa'idodi na gabaɗaya ba musamman ga ilimin genomics ba, kamar Dokar Kariyar Gabaɗaya.Yayin da karfin kwayoyin halitta ke girma da kuma fadada amfani da shi, gwamnatoci suna kara fuskantar zabin ko wannan hanyar za ta ci gaba da hade kwayoyin halitta cikin aminci cikin al'umma.Yin amfani da ƙarfi daban-daban na Burtaniya a cikin abubuwan more rayuwa da binciken ilimin halittu zai buƙaci haɗin kai daga gwamnati da masana'antu.
Idan za ku iya sanin ko yaronku zai iya yin fice a wasanni ko ilimi, za ku iya?
Waɗannan su ne wasu daga cikin tambayoyin da wataƙila za mu iya fuskanta nan gaba kaɗan yayin da ilimin ilimin halittar ɗan adam ke ba mu ƙarin bayani game da kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam da kuma rawar da yake takawa wajen yin tasiri ga halayenmu da halayenmu.
An riga an yi amfani da bayanai game da kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam—jerin deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) na musamman—an riga an yi amfani da shi don yin wasu bincike na likita da keɓance magani.Amma kuma mun fara fahimtar yadda kwayoyin halitta ke tasiri halaye da halayen mutane fiye da lafiya.
An riga an sami shaidar cewa kwayar halitta tana rinjayar halayen marasa lafiya kamar ɗaukar haɗari, samar da abubuwa da amfani.Yayin da muke ƙarin koyo game da yadda kwayoyin halitta ke tasiri ga halaye, za mu iya hasashen yadda yuwuwar da kuma gwargwadon yadda wani zai haɓaka waɗannan halayen bisa tsarin tsarin halittarsu.
Wannan ya haifar da tambayoyi masu mahimmanci.Ta yaya ake amfani da wannan bayanin?Menene wannan ke nufi ga al'ummarmu?Ta yaya za a buƙaci daidaita manufofi a sassa daban-daban?Shin muna buƙatar ƙarin tsari?Ta yaya za mu magance matsalolin ɗabi'a da aka taso, magance haɗarin wariya da yuwuwar barazanar keɓancewa?
Yayin da wasu yuwuwar aikace-aikacen genomics na iya zama ba su samuwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ko ma matsakaici, ana bincika sabbin hanyoyin amfani da bayanan genomic a yau.Wannan yana nufin cewa yanzu shine lokacin da za a yi hasashen amfani da genomics a nan gaba.Hakanan muna buƙatar yin la'akari da sakamakon da zai yiwu idan sabis ɗin genomic ya kasance ga jama'a kafin kimiyya ta shirya sosai.Wannan zai ba mu damar yin la'akari da dama da haɗarin da waɗannan sababbin aikace-aikace na genomics zasu iya gabatarwa da kuma ƙayyade abin da za mu iya yi don amsawa.
Wannan rahoto ya gabatar da ilimin genomics ga waɗanda ba ƙwararru ba, ya bincika yadda kimiyyar ta samo asali, da ƙoƙarin yin la'akari da tasirinsa a fannoni daban-daban.Rahoton ya dubi abin da ka iya faruwa a yanzu da kuma abin da zai iya faruwa a nan gaba, kuma ya bincika inda za a iya ƙididdige ikon ilimin halittu.
Genomics ba kawai batun manufofin kiwon lafiya ba ne.Wannan zai iya shafar fannoni daban-daban na manufofi, daga ilimi da shari'ar aikata laifuka zuwa aiki da inshora.Wannan rahoto ya mayar da hankali ne akan kwayoyin halittar dan adam marasa lafiya.Har ila yau, yana binciken yadda ake amfani da kwayoyin halitta a fannin noma, ilmin halitta da ilmin halitta don fahimtar fa'idar da ake iya amfani da shi a wasu fannoni.
Duk da haka, yawancin abubuwan da muka sani game da kwayoyin halittar dan adam sun fito ne daga bincike na nazarin rawar da yake takawa a cikin lafiya da cututtuka.Lafiya kuma wuri ne da ake haɓaka aikace-aikace da yawa.Daga nan ne za mu fara, kuma babi na 2 da na 3 sun gabatar da ilimin kimiyya da ci gaban ilimin genomics.Wannan yana ba da mahallin mahallin filin genomics kuma yana ba da ilimin fasaha da ake bukata don fahimtar yadda kwayoyin halitta ke shafar wuraren da ba lafiya ba.Masu karatu waɗanda ba su da masaniyar fasaha za su iya tsallake wannan gabatarwa cikin aminci zuwa Babi na 4, 5, da 6, waɗanda ke gabatar da babban abin da ke cikin wannan rahoto.
’Yan Adam sun dade suna sha’awar kwayoyin halittarmu da irin rawar da suke takawa wajen samuwar mu.Muna neman fahimtar yadda abubuwan kwayoyin halitta ke tasiri ga halayenmu na zahiri, lafiyarmu, mutuntaka, halaye da basira, da yadda suke hulɗa da tasirin muhalli.
Fam biliyan 4, shekaru 13 na farashi da lokaci don haɓaka jerin kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam na farko (daidaita farashi).
Genomics shine nazarin kwayoyin halittar kwayoyin halitta - cikakkun jerin DNA din su - da kuma yadda dukkanin kwayoyin halittar mu ke aiki tare a cikin tsarin halittar mu.A cikin karni na 20, binciken kwayoyin halitta gaba daya ya iyakance ne ga abubuwan lura da tagwaye don nazarin rawar gado da muhalli a cikin halaye na zahiri da dabi'a (ko "dabi'a da haɓaka").Koyaya, tsakiyar 2000s an yi alama ta farkon bugu na kwayar halittar ɗan adam da haɓaka fasahohin ƙwayoyin cuta masu sauri da rahusa.
Wadannan hanyoyin suna nufin cewa a ƙarshe masu bincike zasu iya yin nazarin ka'idodin kwayoyin halitta kai tsaye, a farashi mai rahusa da lokaci.Gabaɗayan tsarin halittar ɗan adam, wanda a baya yana ɗaukar shekaru kuma yana kashe biliyoyin fam, yanzu yana ɗaukar ƙasa da kwana ɗaya kuma yana kashe kusan £ 800 [labari na 1].Masu bincike yanzu za su iya yin nazarin kwayoyin halittar ɗaruruwan mutane ko haɗa su da bankunan halittu masu ɗauke da bayanai game da kwayoyin halittar dubban mutane.A sakamakon haka, ana tattara bayanan kwayoyin halitta da yawa don amfani da su a cikin bincike.
Har ya zuwa yanzu, ana amfani da ilimin genomics musamman a fannin kiwon lafiya da binciken likita.Misali, gano kasancewar bambance-bambancen ƙwayoyin halitta marasa lahani, kamar bambancin BRCA1 da ke da alaƙa da ciwon nono.Wannan na iya ƙyale maganin rigakafi na farko, wanda ba zai yiwu ba tare da sanin kwayoyin halitta ba.Duk da haka, yayin da fahimtarmu game da kwayoyin halitta ya inganta, ya zama ƙarara cewa tasirin kwayoyin halitta ya wuce lafiya da cututtuka.
A cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata, neman fahimtar tsarin halittar mu ya ci gaba sosai.Mun fara fahimtar tsari da aikin kwayoyin halitta, amma har yanzu akwai abubuwa da yawa da za mu koya.
Mun san tun shekarun 1950 cewa jerin DNA ɗin mu shine lambar da ke ɗauke da umarnin yadda ƙwayoyin mu ke yin sunadaran.Kowace kwayar halitta ta yi daidai da wani sunadari daban-daban wanda ke ƙayyade halayen kwayoyin halitta (kamar launin ido ko girman fure).DNA na iya rinjayar dabi'u ta hanyoyi daban-daban: kwayar halitta guda ɗaya na iya ƙayyade hali (misali, nau'in jini na ABO), yawancin kwayoyin halitta na iya yin aiki tare (misali, girma fata da pigmentation), ko wasu kwayoyin halitta na iya haɗuwa, suna rufe tasirin daban-daban. kwayoyin halitta.kwayoyin halitta.sauran kwayoyin halitta (kamar gashi da launin gashi).
Yawancin dabi'un suna tasiri ta hanyar haɗakar ayyukan da yawa (watakila dubbai) na sassan DNA daban-daban.Amma maye gurbi a cikin DNA ɗinmu yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin sunadaran, wanda zai iya haifar da sauye-sauyen halaye.Shi ne babban abin da ke haifar da sauye-sauyen ilimin halitta, bambance-bambance da cututtuka.Maye gurbi na iya ba mutum fa'ida ko rashin amfani, zama sauye-sauye na tsaka-tsaki, ko kuma ba shi da wani tasiri kwata-kwata.Ana iya ba da su a cikin iyalai ko kuma sun fito daga ciki.Duk da haka, idan sun faru a lokacin girma, wannan yawanci yana iyakance bayyanar su ga daidaikun mutane maimakon zuriyarsu.
Bambance-bambance a cikin halaye kuma na iya yin tasiri ta hanyar hanyoyin epigenetic.Suna iya sarrafa ko an kunna ko kashe kwayoyin halitta.Ba kamar maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta ba, ana iya jujjuya su kuma wani bangare sun dogara ga muhalli.Wannan yana nufin fahimtar dalilin wani hali ba kawai batun koyo ba ne wanda jerin kwayoyin halitta ke tasiri ga kowane hali.Wajibi ne a yi la'akari da kwayoyin halitta a cikin mahallin da ya fi girma, don fahimtar cibiyoyin sadarwa da hulɗar a cikin kwayoyin halitta, da kuma rawar da muhalli ke ciki.
Ana iya amfani da fasahar genomic don tantance jerin kwayoyin halittar mutum.Waɗannan hanyoyin yanzu ana amfani da su sosai a cikin karatu da yawa kuma kamfanoni na kasuwanci suna ƙara ba da su don nazarin lafiya ko zuriyarsu.Hanyoyin da kamfanoni ko masu bincike ke amfani da su don tantance tsarin halittar wani ya bambanta, amma har zuwa kwanan nan, an fi amfani da wata dabara mai suna DNA microarraying.Microarrays suna auna sassan kwayoyin halittar dan adam maimakon karanta jeri duka.A tarihi, microchips sun kasance mafi sauƙi, sauri, da rahusa fiye da sauran hanyoyin, amma amfani da su yana da wasu iyakoki.
Da zarar an tattara bayanai, ana iya yin nazarin su a sikelin ta amfani da nazarin ƙungiyoyi masu fa'ida (ko GWAS).Waɗannan karatun suna neman bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta masu alaƙa da wasu halaye.Duk da haka, har zuwa yau, har ma da mafi girma binciken ya bayyana kawai kaɗan daga cikin tasirin kwayoyin halitta da ke tattare da yawancin halayen idan aka kwatanta da abin da za mu yi tsammani daga nazarin tagwaye.Rashin gano duk alamomin kwayoyin halittar da suka dace don sifa ana kiranta da matsalar “ɓataccen gadon gado”.[Hoto a shafi na 2]
Koyaya, ikon GWAS don gano bambance-bambancen jinsin da ke da alaƙa yana haɓaka tare da ƙarin bayanai, don haka ana iya magance matsalar rashin gado yayin da ake tattara ƙarin bayanan kwayoyin halitta.
Bugu da ƙari, yayin da farashin ke ci gaba da faɗuwa kuma fasaha ta ci gaba da ingantawa, yawancin masu bincike suna amfani da wata dabarar da ake kira dukan tsarin kwayoyin halitta maimakon microarrays.Wannan kai tsaye yana karanta dukkan jerin kwayoyin halitta maimakon jeri-jeri.Sequencing na iya shawo kan yawancin iyakokin da ke da alaƙa da microarrays, yana haifar da wadataccen bayanai da ƙarin bayanai.Har ila yau, wannan bayanan yana taimakawa wajen rage matsalar rashin gado, wanda ke nufin mun fara ƙarin koyo game da wane nau'in kwayoyin halitta ke aiki tare don rinjayar halaye.
Hakazalika, ɗimbin tarin jerin kwayoyin halittar da aka tsara a halin yanzu don dalilai na kiwon lafiyar jama'a za su samar da ingantattun bayanai masu inganci don bincike.Wannan zai amfana wa waɗanda ke nazarin halaye masu lafiya da marasa lafiya.
Yayin da muke ƙarin koyo game da yadda kwayoyin halitta ke tasiri ga halaye, za mu iya yin hasashen yadda kwayoyin halitta daban-daban zasu yi aiki tare don wani hali.Ana yin wannan ta hanyar haɗa tasirin sakamako daga kwayoyin halitta da yawa zuwa ma'auni ɗaya na alhakin kwayoyin halitta, wanda aka sani da ƙimar polygenic.Makin polygenic yakan zama madaidaicin ma'anoni na yuwuwar mutum na haɓaka ɗabi'a fiye da kowane alamomin kwayoyin halitta.
Makiyoyin polygenic a halin yanzu suna samun karbuwa a cikin binciken lafiya tare da burin yin amfani da su wata rana don jagorantar ayyukan asibiti a matakin mutum.Koyaya, makin polygenic yana iyakance ta GWAS, don haka da yawa ba su riga sun annabta halayen su ba daidai, kuma makin polygenic don haɓaka ya sami daidaiton tsinkaya kashi 25% kawai.[Bayyana na 3] Wannan yana nufin cewa ga wasu alamun ƙila ba za su kasance daidai ba kamar sauran hanyoyin bincike kamar gwajin jini ko MRI.Duk da haka, yayin da bayanan kwayoyin halitta suka inganta, daidaiton ƙididdiga na polygenicity ya kamata kuma ya inganta.A nan gaba, ƙididdiga na polygenic na iya ba da bayani game da haɗarin asibiti a baya fiye da kayan aikin bincike na gargajiya, kuma a cikin hanyar da za a iya amfani da su don tsinkaya halayen marasa lafiya.
Amma, kamar kowace hanya, yana da iyaka.Babban iyakancewar GWAS shine bambancin bayanan da aka yi amfani da su, wanda baya nuna bambancin yawan jama'a gaba daya.Nazarin ya nuna cewa har zuwa 83% na GWAS ana yin su a cikin ƙungiyoyin asalin Turai kaɗai.[Bayyana na 4] Wannan yana da matsala a fili domin yana nufin cewa GWAS zai iya dacewa da wasu al'ummomi kawai.Don haka, haɓakawa da amfani da gwaje-gwajen tsinkaya bisa sakamakon ƙiyayyar jama'a na GWAS na iya haifar da wariya ga mutanen da ba sa da yawan jama'ar GWAS.
Don halayen marasa lafiya, tsinkaya dangane da makin polygenic a halin yanzu ba su da cikakken bayani fiye da samun bayanan da ba na kwayoyin halitta ba.Misali, makin polygenic don tsinkayar samun ilimi (ɗayan mafi girman makin polygenic da ake samu) ba su da cikakken bayani fiye da sauƙaƙan matakan ilimin iyaye.[Bayyana na 5] Ƙarfin tsinkaya na makin polygenic ba makawa zai ƙaru yayin da ma'auni da bambance-bambancen karatu, da kuma nazarin da ya danganci duk bayanan jerin kwayoyin halitta, haɓaka.
Binciken kwayoyin halitta yana mayar da hankali kan kwayoyin halitta na kiwon lafiya da cututtuka, yana taimakawa wajen gano sassan kwayoyin halittar da ke shafar hadarin cututtuka.Abin da muka sani game da rawar genomics ya dogara da cutar.Ga wasu cututtuka guda ɗaya, irin su cutar Huntington, muna iya hasashen yiwuwar mutum na iya kamuwa da cutar daidai gwargwado dangane da bayanan halittarsu.Ga cututtukan da ke haifar da yawancin kwayoyin halitta hade da tasirin muhalli, kamar cututtukan zuciya na zuciya, daidaiton tsinkayar kwayoyin halitta ya ragu sosai.Sau da yawa, mafi rikitarwa cuta ko dabi'a, mafi wuyar fahimta da tsinkaya daidai.Koyaya, daidaiton tsinkaya yana inganta yayin da ƙungiyoyin da aka yi nazari suka zama masu girma da yawa.
Burtaniya tana kan gaba a binciken ilimin halittar jiki na lafiya.Mun haɓaka ɗimbin ababen more rayuwa a cikin fasahar genomic, bayanan bincike da ikon sarrafa kwamfuta.Burtaniya ta ba da babbar gudummawa ga ilimin halittar dan adam na duniya, musamman a lokacin cutar ta COVID-19 lokacin da muka jagoranci jerin kwayoyin halittar kwayar cutar SARS-CoV-2 da sabbin bambance-bambancen.
Genome UK ita ce babbar dabarar Burtaniya don lafiyar kwayoyin halitta, tare da NHS ta hade tsarin kwayoyin halitta zuwa kulawar asibiti na yau da kullun don gano cututtukan da ba kasafai ba, ciwon daji ko cututtuka masu yaduwa.[Hoto a shafi na 6]
Wannan kuma zai haifar da karuwar adadin kwayoyin halittar dan adam da ke akwai don bincike.Wannan ya kamata ya ba da damar yin bincike mai zurfi da buɗe sabbin damar yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta.A matsayinsa na jagora na duniya a cikin ci gaban bayanan kwayoyin halitta da abubuwan more rayuwa, Burtaniya na da yuwuwar zama jagora na duniya a cikin ɗabi'a da ka'idojin kimiyyar genomic.
Ana siyar da kayan gwajin kwayoyin halitta kai tsaye (DTC) ga masu amfani ba tare da sa hannun masu ba da lafiya ba.Ana aika swabs na Saliva don bincike, samar da masu amfani da keɓaɓɓen lafiya ko bincike na asali a cikin 'yan makonni kaɗan.Wannan kasuwa tana girma cikin sauri, tare da dubun-dubatar masu amfani a duk faɗin duniya suna ƙaddamar da samfuran DNA don jerin kasuwancin don samun haske game da lafiyarsu, tsattsauran ra'ayi da ƙayyadaddun kwayoyin halitta don halaye.
Daidaiton wasu ƙididdigar tushen kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ba da sabis na kai tsaye zuwa mabukaci na iya zama ƙasa kaɗan.Gwaje-gwaje kuma na iya yin tasiri ga keɓaɓɓen sirri ta hanyar raba bayanai, tantance dangi, da yuwuwar gazawar cikin ka'idojin tsaro na intanet.Abokan ciniki ƙila ba za su fahimci waɗannan batutuwan ba yayin tuntuɓar kamfanin gwajin DTC.
Gwajin jini na DTCs don halayen marasa magani shima ba shi da tsari sosai.Sun wuce dokar da ke kula da gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta na likitanci kuma sun dogara maimakon ka'idojin kai na masu ba da gwaji na son rai.Yawancin waɗannan kamfanoni ma suna da tushe a wajen Burtaniya kuma ba a kayyade su a cikin Burtaniya.
Matsalolin DNA suna da iko na musamman a kimiyyar bincike don gano mutanen da ba a san su ba.Ana amfani da bincike na DNA na asali tun lokacin da aka ƙirƙira zanen yatsan DNA a cikin 1984, kuma Cibiyar Bayanan DNA ta Burtaniya (NDNAD) ta ƙunshi bayanan sirri miliyan 5.7 da bayanan wuraren laifuka 631,000.[Hoto a shafi na 8]
Lokacin aikawa: Fabrairu-14-2023