310 Bakin Karfe na'urar bututun sinadarai, Tasirin Lalacewar Sama a cikin Wayar Karfe Mai Taurin Mai akan Gajiya Rayuwa na Magudanar Ruwa a cikin Injin Mota

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Bakin karfe 310 naɗaɗɗen bututu / bututu mai naɗeHaɗin Sinadarida abun da ke ciki

Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna nau'in sinadarai na sa bakin karfe 310S.

10 * 1mm 9.25 * 1.24 mm 310 Bakin karfe capillary nada bututu masu kaya

Abubuwan Jiki

Ana nuna kaddarorin zahiri na bakin karfe 310S a cikin tebur mai zuwa.

Kayayyakin Injini

Tebur mai zuwa yana fayyace kaddarorin inji na sa bakin karfe 310S.

Thermal Properties

The thermal Properties na sa 310S bakin karfe da aka bayar a cikin wadannan tebur.

Sauran Nazari

Sauran nadi daidai da sa 310S bakin karfe an jera su a cikin tebur mai zuwa.

Manufar wannan binciken shine don kimanta rayuwar gajiyawar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na injin mota lokacin da ake amfani da microdefects zuwa waya mai taurin mai mai nauyin 2300 MPa (wayar OT) tare da zurfin lahani na 2.5 mm a diamita.Na farko, nakasar da lalacewar surface na OT waya a lokacin da kerar da bawul spring an samu ta hanyar iyaka bincike hanyoyin yin amfani da subsimulation hanyoyin, da kuma saura danniya na ƙãre spring da aka auna da kuma amfani da spring analysis model.Na biyu, bincika ƙarfin bazarar bawul, bincika saura damuwa, kuma kwatanta matakin damuwa da rashin lahani na saman.Na uku, an yi la'akari da tasirin microdefects akan rayuwar gajiyar bazara ta hanyar yin amfani da damuwa a kan lahani na sama da aka samu daga nazarin ƙarfin bazara zuwa SN curves da aka samu daga gwajin gajiya mai sassauci yayin juyawa na waya OT.Zurfin lahani na 40µm shine ma'auni na yanzu don sarrafa lahani na saman ba tare da lalata rayuwar gajiya ba.
Masana'antar kera motoci tana da ƙaƙƙarfan buƙatu na kayan aikin mota masu nauyi don haɓaka ingancin man ababen hawa.Don haka, amfani da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi (AHSS) yana ƙaruwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.Maɓuɓɓugan bawul ɗin injin mota galibi sun ƙunshi wayoyi masu ƙarfi da zafi, juriya da rashin sagging na ƙarfe mai kauri (wayoyin OT).
Saboda girman ƙarfin su (1900-2100 MPa), wayoyi na OT da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu suna ba da damar rage girman girman da yawan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na injin, inganta ingantaccen man fetur ta hanyar rage rikici tare da sassan da ke kewaye.Saboda waɗannan fa'idodin, amfani da sandar waya mai ƙarfi yana ƙaruwa da sauri, kuma sandar waya mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi na ajin 2300MPa yana bayyana ɗaya bayan ɗaya.Maɓuɓɓugan ruwa a cikin injunan motoci suna buƙatar tsawon rayuwar sabis saboda suna aiki ƙarƙashin manyan abubuwan hawan keke.Don saduwa da wannan bukata, masana'antun yawanci la'akari da gajiya rayuwa fiye da 5.5 × 107 hawan keke a lokacin da zayyana bawul marẽmari da kuma amfani da saura danniya zuwa bawul spring surface ta harbi peening da zafi shrining matakai don inganta gajiya life2.
An yi ƴan bincike kaɗan game da gajiyawar rayuwar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a cikin motoci ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki na yau da kullun.Gzal et al.Analytical, gwaji da kuma iyakataccen kashi (FE) na maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na helical na elliptical tare da ƙananan kusurwoyi na helix a ƙarƙashin kaya mai tsayi.Wannan binciken yana ba da bayyananniyar magana mai sauƙi kuma mai sauƙi don wurin matsakaicin matsananciyar ƙarfi tare da rabon al'amari da ma'anar taurin kai, kuma yana ba da hangen nesa na nazari cikin matsakaicin damuwa mai ƙarfi, ma'auni mai mahimmanci a cikin ƙira mai amfani3.Pastorcic et al.An bayyana sakamakon binciken da aka yi na lalata da gajiyar ruwa mai helical da aka cire daga mota mai zaman kansa bayan gazawar aiki.Yin amfani da hanyoyin gwaji, an yi nazarin raƙuman ruwa da ya karye kuma sakamakon ya nuna cewa wannan misali ne na gazawar gajiyawar lalata4.rami, da sauransu. An ɓullo da samfuran rayuwar madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya don kimanta rayuwar gajiyar maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na mota.Putra da sauransu.Saboda rashin daidaituwa na hanya, an ƙaddara rayuwar sabis na helical spring na mota.Koyaya, an yi ɗan ƙaramin bincike kan yadda lahanin saman da ke faruwa yayin aikin kera ke shafar rayuwar maɓuɓɓugan ruwa.
Lalacewar saman da ke faruwa yayin aikin masana'anta na iya haifar da damuwa na gida a cikin maɓuɓɓugan bawul, wanda ke rage yawan gajiyawar su.Lalacewar saman maɓuɓɓugan bawul suna haifar da abubuwa daban-daban, kamar lahani na kayan albarkatun da aka yi amfani da su, lahani a cikin kayan aiki, mugun aiki yayin jujjuyawar sanyi7.Lalacewar saman kayan albarkatun ƙasa suna da siffa V-steep saboda mirgina mai zafi da zane-zane da yawa, yayin da lahani da kayan aikin ƙirƙira suka haifar da rashin kulawa suna U-dimbin yawa tare da gangara mai laushi8,9,10,11.Lalacewar V-dimbin yawa suna haifar da ƙima mafi girma fiye da lahani na U-dimbin yawa, don haka ana amfani da ƙa'idodin sarrafa lahani mai ƙarfi akan kayan farawa.
Ma'aunin kula da lahani na yanzu don wayoyin OT sun haɗa da ASTM A877/A877M-10, DIN EN 10270-2, JIS G 3561, da KS D 3580. 10 mm bai wuce 0.5-1% na diamita na waya ba.Bugu da ƙari, JIS G 3561 da KS D 3580 suna buƙatar zurfin lahani a cikin sandar waya tare da diamita na 0.5-8 mm ya zama ƙasa da 0.5% na diamita na waya.A cikin ASTM A877/A877M-10, masana'anta da mai siye dole ne su amince da zurfin lahani na saman da aka yarda.Don auna zurfin lahani a saman waya, yawanci ana haɗa waya da hydrochloric acid, sannan a auna zurfin lahani ta hanyar amfani da micrometer.Koyaya, wannan hanyar zata iya auna lahani ne kawai a wasu yankuna kuma ba akan gaba ɗaya saman samfurin ƙarshe ba.Don haka, masana'antun suna amfani da gwajin eddy na yanzu yayin aikin zanen waya don auna lahanin saman a ci gaba da samar da waya;waɗannan gwaje-gwajen na iya auna zurfin lahani na saman ƙasa zuwa 40 µm.A 2300MPa sa karfe waya a karkashin ci gaba yana da mafi girma tensile ƙarfi da ƙananan elongation fiye da data kasance 1900-2200MPa sa karfe waya, don haka bawul spring gajiya rayuwa da aka dauke su zama sosai m ga surface lahani.Saboda haka, shi wajibi ne don duba aminci da ake ji data kasance nagartacce don sarrafa zurfin surface lahani ga karfe waya sa 1900-2200 MPa zuwa karfe waya sa 2300 MPa.
Manufar wannan binciken shine a kimanta rayuwar gajiyawar injin bawul ɗin injin mota lokacin da aka yi amfani da mafi ƙarancin zurfin zurfin da za a iya aunawa ta hanyar gwajin eddy na yanzu (watau 40 µm) zuwa waya OT mai lamba 2300 MPa (diamita: 2.5 mm): aibi mai mahimmanci. zurfin .Gudunmawar da tsarin wannan binciken sune kamar haka.
A matsayin farkon lahani a cikin wayar OT, an yi amfani da lahani mai siffar V, wanda ke da matukar tasiri ga rayuwar gajiya, a cikin madaidaicin shugabanci dangane da axis na waya.Yi la'akari da rabon ma'auni (α) da tsayin (β) na lahani na saman don ganin tasirin zurfinsa (h), faɗin (w), da tsayin (l).Lalacewar saman yana faruwa a cikin bazara, inda gazawar ta fara faruwa.
Don hango ko hasashen lalacewar nakasar farko a cikin waya ta OT a lokacin iska mai sanyi, an yi amfani da tsarin simulators, wanda yayi la'akari da lokacin bincike da girman lahani na saman, tunda lahani yana da ƙanƙanta sosai idan aka kwatanta da waya ta OT.samfurin duniya.
Ragowar matsalolin matsawa a cikin bazara bayan matakin harbi na mataki biyu an ƙididdige su ta hanyar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwa, an kwatanta sakamakon da ma'aunai bayan harbin leƙen asiri don tabbatar da samfurin nazari.Bugu da ƙari, an auna matsalolin da suka rage a cikin maɓuɓɓugan bawul daga duk hanyoyin masana'antu kuma an yi amfani da su don nazarin ƙarfin bazara.
Ana hasashen damuwa a cikin lahani na saman ta hanyar nazarin ƙarfin bazara, la'akari da lalacewar lahani yayin jujjuyawar sanyi da ragowar damuwa a ƙarshen bazara.
An gudanar da gwajin gajiya mai jujjuyawa ta amfani da wayar OT da aka yi daga abu iri ɗaya da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa.Domin daidaita saura danniya da yanayin rashin ƙarfi na ƙera bawul ɗin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa zuwa layin OT, SN masu lankwasa an sami su ta hanyar jujjuya gwaje-gwajen gajiya bayan yin amfani da matakin harbi na mataki biyu da jujjuyawa azaman matakan pretreatment.
Ana amfani da sakamakon binciken ƙarfin bazara zuwa ma'auni na Goodman da madaidaicin SN don tsinkayar rayuwar gajiyar bazara, kuma ana kimanta tasirin zurfin lahani akan rayuwar gajiya.
A cikin wannan binciken, an yi amfani da waya mai daraja 2300 MPa OT mai diamita na 2.5 mm don kimanta rayuwar gajiyawar injin bawul ɗin ingin mota.Da farko, an gudanar da gwajin juzu'i na waya don samun samfurin karyewar ta.
An samo kaddarorin injinan waya na OT daga gwaje-gwajen tensile kafin a yi nazarin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsarin iskar sanyi da ƙarfin bazara.An ƙaddara maƙasudin matsananciyar damuwa na kayan ta amfani da sakamakon gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a cikin nau'i na 0.001 s-1, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fig.1. Ana amfani da waya ta SWONB-V, kuma ƙarfin yawan amfanin sa, ƙarfin ɗaurewa, modules na roba da rabon Poisson sune 2001.2MPa, 2316MPa, 206GPa da 0.3 bi da bi.Ana samun dogaron danniya akan magudanar ruwa kamar haka:
Shinkafa2 yana kwatanta tsarin karyewar ductile.Kayan yana jurewa nakasar elastoplastic a lokacin nakasawa, kuma kayan yana raguwa lokacin da damuwa a cikin kayan ya kai ƙarfin ƙarfinsa.Bayan haka, ƙirƙirar, haɓakawa da haɗuwa da ɓoyayyen abu a cikin kayan yana haifar da lalata kayan.
Samfurin ƙwanƙwasa ductile yana amfani da ƙirar gyare-gyare mai mahimmanci mai mahimmanci wanda yayi la'akari da tasirin danniya, kuma karaya bayan wuyansa yana amfani da hanyar tara lalacewa.Anan, ƙaddamarwar lalacewa an bayyana azaman aiki na iri, damuwa triaxial, da ƙimar iri.An bayyana triaxiality danniya a matsayin matsakaicin darajar da aka samu ta hanyar rarraba damuwa na hydrostatic wanda ya haifar da lalacewa na kayan aiki har zuwa samuwar wuyansa ta hanyar tasiri mai tasiri.A cikin hanyar tara lalacewa, lalacewa yana faruwa lokacin da ƙimar lalacewa ta kai 1, kuma makamashin da ake buƙata don isa ƙimar lalacewa na 1 an bayyana shi azaman makamashin lalata (Gf).Ƙarfin fashewar ya yi daidai da yankin na gaskiya na matsananciyar matsananciyar damuwa na kayan aiki daga wuyansa zuwa lokacin karaya.
A cikin hali na al'ada karafa, dangane da danniya yanayin, ductile karaya, karye karaya, ko gauraye yanayin karaya faruwa saboda ductility da karfi karaya, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Figure 3. The karaya iri da danniya triaxiality nuna daban-daban dabi'u ga samfurin karaya.
Rashin gazawar filastik yana faruwa a cikin yankin da ya dace da triaxial na damuwa na fiye da 1/3 (yanki na I), kuma ana iya tsinkayar raunin karaya da triaxial danniya daga gwaje-gwajen tensile akan samfurori tare da lahani na sama da ƙima.A cikin yankin da ya dace da triaxiality na danniya na 0 ~ 1/3 (yankin II), haɗuwa da raguwar ductile da rashin ƙarfi yana faruwa (watau ta hanyar gwajin torsion. A cikin yankin da ya dace da triaxiality danniya daga -1/3 zuwa 0 (III), gazawar shear da aka haifar ta hanyar matsawa, da raunin karaya da triaxiality na damuwa ana iya samun su ta gwaji mai ban haushi.
Don wayoyi na OT da aka yi amfani da su wajen kera maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na injin, ya zama dole a yi la'akari da raunin da ya faru ta hanyar yanayin lodi daban-daban yayin aikin masana'anta da yanayin aikace-aikacen.Sabili da haka, an gudanar da gwaje-gwajen ƙwanƙwasa da ƙwanƙwasa don amfani da ma'auni na rashin nasara, an yi la'akari da tasirin triaxiality na damuwa akan kowane yanayin damuwa, kuma an yi nazari na elastoplastic iyaka a cikin manyan nau'i don ƙididdige canji a cikin triaxiality danniya.Ba a yi la'akari da yanayin matsawa ba saboda iyakancewar sarrafa samfurin, wato, diamita na waya OT shine kawai 2.5 mm.Teburin 1 ya lissafa yanayin gwaje-gwaje don jujjuyawa da torsion, da kuma triaxiality danniya da raunin karaya, wanda aka samu ta amfani da bincike mai iyaka.
Za'a iya tsinkayar karaya na karafan triaxial na al'ada a ƙarƙashin damuwa ta amfani da ma'auni mai zuwa.
inda C1: \({\overline{{\varepsilon}_{0}}}^{pl}\) yanke tsafta (η = 0) da C2: \({\overline{{\varepsilon}_{0}} }^{pl}\) Tashin hankali na Uniaxial (η = η0 = 1/3).
Ana samun layukan haɓaka don kowane yanayin damuwa ta hanyar amfani da ƙimar raunin karaya C1 da C2 a cikin ma'auni.(2);Ana samun C1 da C2 daga gwaje-gwajen ƙwanƙwasa da torsion akan samfurori ba tare da lahani na saman ba.Hoto na 4 yana nuna triaxiality danniya da raunin karaya da aka samu daga gwaje-gwajen da kuma layukan da aka annabta ta hanyar ƙima.(2) Layin yanayin da aka samu daga gwajin da kuma dangantaka tsakanin danniya triaxial da fracture iri suna nuna irin wannan yanayin.An yi amfani da raunin karaya da triaxiality danniya don kowane yanayin damuwa, wanda aka samo daga aikace-aikacen layi na layi, a matsayin ma'auni don karaya.
Ana amfani da Break energy azaman kayan abu don tantance lokacin karyewa bayan wuya kuma ana iya samun shi daga gwaje-gwajen tensile.Ƙarfin ƙwayar cuta ya dogara ne akan kasancewar ko rashin raguwa a saman kayan, tun lokacin da za a karya ya dogara da ƙaddamar da matsalolin gida.Figures 5a-c suna nuna ƙarfin kuzari na samfurori ba tare da lahani na sama ba da samfurori tare da R0.4 ko R0.8 notches daga gwaje-gwajen ƙwanƙwasa da ƙananan ƙididdiga.Ƙarfin karaya ya dace da yanki na ainihin maƙasudin matsuguni daga wuya zuwa lokacin karyewa.
Karyewar kuzarin waya ta OT tare da lahani mai kyau an yi hasashen ta hanyar yin gwaje-gwajen tensile akan waya ta OT tare da zurfin lahani fiye da 40 µm, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto. 5d.An yi amfani da samfurori guda goma tare da lahani a cikin gwaje-gwajen juzu'i kuma an kiyasta matsakaicin ƙarfin karaya a 29.12 mJ/mm2.
An bayyana daidaitaccen lahani a matsayin girman zurfin lahani zuwa diamita na bawul spring waya, ba tare da la'akari da lahani na saman na waya OT da aka yi amfani da shi wajen kera maɓuɓɓugan bawul na mota.Ana iya rarraba lahanin waya na OT bisa la'akari da daidaitawa, lissafi, da tsayi.Ko da tare da zurfin lahani iri ɗaya, matakin danniya da ke aiki a kan lahani a cikin bazara ya bambanta dangane da lissafin lissafi da kuma daidaitawa na lahani, don haka lissafi da daidaitawar lahani na iya rinjayar ƙarfin gajiya.Sabili da haka, wajibi ne a yi la'akari da lissafin lissafi da daidaitawar lahani waɗanda ke da tasiri mafi girma akan rayuwar gajiyar bazara don amfani da ma'auni mai tsauri don sarrafa lahani.Saboda kyakkyawan tsarin hatsi na wayar OT, rayuwar gajiyawarsa tana da matukar damuwa ga lura.Sabili da haka, lahani wanda ke nuna mafi girman ƙaddamarwar damuwa bisa ga lissafin lissafi da kuma daidaitawa na lahani ya kamata a kafa shi azaman lahani na farko ta amfani da bincike mai iyaka.A kan fig.6 yana nuna babban ƙarfin 2300 MPa na maɓuɓɓugan bawul ɗin mota da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan binciken.
Lalacewar saman waya na OT an raba su zuwa lahani na ciki da lahani na waje bisa ga axis na bazara.Saboda lankwasawa yayin mirgina sanyi, matsananciyar damuwa da damuwa mai ƙarfi suna aiki a ciki da wajen bazara, bi da bi.Ana iya haifar da karaya ta hanyar lahani na saman da ke fitowa daga waje saboda damuwa mai ƙarfi yayin jujjuyawar sanyi.
A aikace, bazara yana fuskantar matsawa lokaci-lokaci da shakatawa.A lokacin da ake matsawar bazara, wayar karfe tana murɗawa, kuma saboda yawan damuwa, damuwa mai tsauri a cikin bazara ya fi girma fiye da kewaye da damuwa7.Don haka, idan akwai lahani a cikin bazara, yiwuwar fashewar bazara shine mafi girma.Don haka, gefen waje na bazara (wurin da ake sa ran rashin nasara a lokacin samar da bazara) da kuma gefen ciki (inda damuwa ya fi girma a cikin ainihin aikace-aikacen) an saita su azaman wuraren lahani na saman.
Ana rarraba juzu'i mai lahani na saman layin OT zuwa U-siffai, siffar V, siffar Y, da siffar T.Nau'in Y da nau'in T sun fi kasancewa a cikin lahani na saman kayan albarkatun ƙasa, kuma nau'in U da nau'in V suna faruwa saboda rashin kulawa da kayan aiki a cikin tsarin jujjuyawar sanyi.Game da lissafi na lahani na saman a cikin albarkatun ƙasa, lahani na U-dimbin yawa da suka taso daga nakasar filastik mara kyau a lokacin mirgina mai zafi suna nakasu zuwa nakasar V-dimbin yawa, Y-dimbin nau'in T da lahanin kabu a ƙarƙashin shimfidawa da yawa 8, 10.
Bugu da ƙari, V-dimbin yawa, Y-dimbin yawa da kuma T-dimbin lahani tare da m karkace na daraja a kan surface za a fuskanci babban danniya maida hankali a lokacin da aiki na bazara.Maɓuɓɓugan ruwa suna lanƙwasa yayin jujjuyawar sanyi kuma suna murɗa yayin aiki.Matsakaicin matsi na lahani mai siffa V da Y tare da matsananciyar damuwa an kwatanta su ta amfani da bincike mai iyaka, ABAQUS – software na nazarin ƙayyadaddun abubuwa na kasuwanci.Ana nuna alaƙar damuwa da damuwa a cikin Hoto 1 da Equation 1. (1) Wannan simintin yana amfani da nau'i mai nau'i mai nau'i hudu mai girman fuska biyu (2D), kuma mafi ƙarancin tsawon gefen kashi shine 0.01 mm.Don samfurin nazari, an yi amfani da lahani na V-dimbin nau'i da Y tare da zurfin 0.5 mm da gangara na lahani na 2 ° zuwa samfurin 2D na waya mai diamita na 2.5 mm da tsawon 7.5 mm.
A kan fig.7a yana nuna damuwa mai lanƙwasawa a ƙarshen kowane lahani lokacin da aka yi amfani da lokacin lanƙwasawa na 1500 Nmm zuwa ƙarshen kowace waya.Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa matsakaicin matsakaici na 1038.7 da 1025.8 MPa yana faruwa a saman V-dimbin yawa da lahani na Y, bi da bi.A kan fig.7b yana nuna ƙaddamarwar damuwa a saman kowane lahani da lalacewa ta haifar.Lokacin da aka ƙuntata gefen hagu kuma an yi amfani da juzu'i na 1500 N∙mm a gefen dama, matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin 1099 MPa yana faruwa a tukwici na lahani na V-dimbin yawa da Y.Wadannan sakamakon sun nuna cewa nau'in nau'in V yana nuna damuwa mai girma fiye da nau'in Y-launi lokacin da suke da zurfin zurfi da gangara na lahani, amma suna fuskantar damuwa na torsional iri ɗaya.Sabili da haka, lahani na V-dimbin yawa da Y-dimbin yawa tare da zurfin iri ɗaya da gangara na lahani za a iya daidaita su zuwa nau'i-nau'i na V tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaici wanda ya haifar da damuwa.Matsakaicin girman lahani na nau'in V an bayyana shi azaman α = w / h ta amfani da zurfin (h) da nisa (w) na nau'in V da lahani na T;don haka, lahani na nau'in T (α ≈ 0) a maimakon haka, ana iya siffanta lissafi ta hanyar tsarin joometric na lahani na nau'in V.Saboda haka, nau'in Y-nau'in nau'in T-nau'in na iya zama daidai da lahani na nau'in V.Yin amfani da zurfin (h) da tsayi (l), an kwatanta girman tsawon in ba haka ba β = l / h.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoto na 811, an raba kwatance na lahani na saman wayoyi na OT zuwa madaidaiciya, madaidaiciya da madaidaiciyar kwatance, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoto 811. Ana nazarin tasirin daidaitawar lahani na saman akan ƙarfin bazara ta hanyar iyakacin iyaka. hanya.
A kan fig.9a yana nuna samfurin nazarin damuwa na bawul ɗin inji.A matsayin yanayin bincike, an matsa ruwan bazara daga tsayin kyauta na 50.5 mm zuwa tsayi mai tsayi na 21.8 mm, an haifar da matsananciyar damuwa na 1086 MPa a cikin bazara, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 9b.Tun da gazawar ainihin maɓuɓɓugan bawul ɗin injin yana faruwa a cikin bazara, ana sa ran kasancewar lahani na cikin gida zai yi tasiri sosai ga rayuwar gajiyar bazara.Sabili da haka, ana amfani da lahani na saman a cikin madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya, madaidaiciya da kwatancen da ba a taɓa gani ba zuwa cikin maɓuɓɓugan bawul ɗin injin ta amfani da dabarun ƙirar ƙira.Tebur na 2 yana nuna ma'auni na lahani na sama da matsakaicin matsananciyar damuwa a kowane shugabanci na lahani a matsakaicin matsawar bazara.An lura da mafi girman damuwa a cikin juzu'i mai jujjuyawa, kuma an ƙididdige ƙimar damuwa a cikin madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar hanya kamar 0.934-0.996.Ana iya ƙayyade ƙimar damuwa ta hanyar rarraba wannan ƙimar ta matsakaicin matsakaicin matsananciyar damuwa.Matsakaicin damuwa a cikin bazara yana faruwa a saman kowane lahani na farfajiya, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoto 9s.Ma'aunin damuwa da aka lura a cikin tsayin tsayi, juzu'i, da kwatance sune 2045, 2085, da 2049 MPa, bi da bi.Sakamakon waɗannan nazarce-nazarcen ya nuna cewa lahani masu jujjuyawar ƙasa suna da tasiri kai tsaye akan rayuwar gajiyar maɓuɓɓugan injin.
Wani lahani mai siffar V, wanda ake tsammanin zai fi tasiri kai tsaye ga rayuwar gajiyawar injin bawul ɗin bazara, an zaɓi shi azaman lahani na farko na wayar OT, kuma an zaɓi madaidaicin shugabanci a matsayin alkiblar lahani.Wannan lahani yana faruwa ba kawai a waje ba, inda injin bawul ɗin injin ya karye yayin kera, har ma a ciki, inda mafi girman damuwa ke faruwa saboda damuwa yayin aiki.Matsakaicin zurfin zurfin an saita shi zuwa 40 µm, wanda za'a iya gano shi ta hanyar gano aibi na yanzu, kuma an saita mafi ƙarancin zurfin zuwa zurfin da ya dace da 0.1% na diamita na 2.5 mm waya.Saboda haka, zurfin lahani yana daga 2.5 zuwa 40 µm.An yi amfani da zurfin, tsayi, da nisa na lahani tare da tsawon tsawon 0.1 ~ 1 da kuma tsawon tsawon 5 ~ 15 a matsayin masu canji, kuma an kimanta tasirin su akan ƙarfin gajiya na bazara.Tebu na 3 ya lissafa yanayin nazarin da aka ƙaddara ta amfani da hanyoyin mayar da martani.
Ana kera maɓuɓɓugan bawul ɗin injin mota ta hanyar iska mai sanyi, zafin rai, fashewar fashewar da saitin zafin waya na OT.Dole ne a yi la'akari da sauye-sauyen lahani na ƙasa yayin ƙirƙira bazara don kimanta tasirin lahani na farko a cikin wayoyi na OT akan rayuwar gajiyawar maɓuɓɓugan injin bawul.Don haka, a cikin wannan sashe, ana amfani da bincike mai ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun lahanin saman waya na OT yayin kera kowane bazara.
A kan fig.10 yana nuna tsarin iska mai sanyi.Yayin wannan tsari, ana ciyar da wayar OT a cikin jagorar waya ta hanyar abin nadi.Jagoran waya yana ciyarwa da goyan bayan wayar don hana lankwasawa yayin aiwatar da tsari.Wayar da ke wucewa ta jagorar waya tana lanƙwasa ta ta farko da sanduna na biyu don samar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa tare da diamita na ciki da ake so.Ana samar da farar bazara ta hanyar motsa kayan aiki bayan juyin juya hali daya.
A kan fig.11a yana nuna ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙirar da aka yi amfani da su don kimanta canji a cikin lissafi na lahani a lokacin sanyi.Samar da wayar ana cika ta ne ta hanyar fitilun mai juyi.Tun da oxide Layer a saman waya yana aiki azaman mai mai, tasirin juzu'i na abin nadi na ciyarwa ba shi da komai.Sabili da haka, a cikin ƙirar ƙididdiga, abin nadi na abinci da jagorar waya an sauƙaƙa a matsayin bushing.Ƙididdigar juzu'i tsakanin wayar OT da kayan aikin ƙirƙira an saita zuwa 0.05.Ana amfani da jirgin saman 2D mai ƙarfi da yanayin daidaitawa zuwa ƙarshen hagu na layin don a iya ciyar da shi a cikin jagorar X a daidai wannan saurin da abin nadi (0.6 m/s).A kan fig.11b yana nuna hanyar sub-simulation da ake amfani da ita don amfani da ƙananan lahani ga wayoyi.Don la'akari da girman lahani na saman, ana amfani da ƙaramin ƙirar sau biyu don lahani na saman tare da zurfin 20 µm ko fiye kuma sau uku don lahani na ƙasa tare da zurfin ƙasa da 20µm.Ana amfani da lahani na saman ga wuraren da aka kafa tare da matakai daidai.A cikin samfurin gaba ɗaya na bazara, tsayin madaidaiciyar yanki na waya shine 100 mm.Don ƙirar ƙirar ta farko, yi amfani da ƙaramin ƙirar 1 mai tsayin 3mm zuwa matsayi mai tsayi na 75mm daga ƙirar duniya.Wannan simintin ya yi amfani da nau'i mai nau'i takwas mai girma mai girma uku (3D).A cikin ƙirar duniya da ƙananan ƙirar 1, mafi ƙarancin tsayin gefen kowane kashi shine 0.5 da 0.2 mm, bi da bi.Bayan nazarin sub-model 1, ana amfani da lahani na sama zuwa ƙananan samfurin 2, kuma tsayin da nisa na ƙananan samfurin 2 shine sau 3 na tsawon lahani don kawar da tasiri na yanayin iyakokin ƙananan samfurin, a cikin Bugu da kari, 50% na tsayi da nisa ana amfani dashi azaman zurfin ƙirar ƙirar.A sub-model 2, mafi ƙarancin tsayin gefen kowane kashi shine 0.005 mm.An yi amfani da wasu lahani na sararin sama zuwa bincike mai iyaka kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Table 3.
A kan fig.12 yana nuna rarraba damuwa a cikin fashewar saman bayan aikin sanyi na nada.Samfurin gabaɗaya da ƙananan ƙirar 1 suna nuna kusan matsi iri ɗaya na 1076 da 1079 MPa a wuri ɗaya, wanda ke tabbatar da daidaitaccen tsarin tsarin.Matsakaicin danniya na gida yana faruwa a iyakar iyakokin ƙirar ƙirar.A bayyane yake, wannan ya faru ne saboda yanayin iyaka na ƙirar ƙirar.Saboda ƙaddamar da damuwa, ƙananan samfurin 2 tare da lahani na sararin samaniya yana nuna damuwa na 2449 MPa a ƙarshen lahani yayin mirgina sanyi.Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Table 3, an yi amfani da lahani na saman da aka gano ta hanyar hanyar mayar da martani zuwa cikin cikin bazara.Sakamakon bincike mai iyaka ya nuna cewa babu ɗaya daga cikin lokuta 13 na lahani na saman da ya gaza.
A yayin aiwatar da iska a cikin duk hanyoyin fasaha, zurfin lahani a cikin bazara ya karu da 0.1-2.62 µm (Fig. 13a), kuma nisa ya ragu da 1.8-35.79 µm (Fig. 13b), yayin da tsayin ya karu da 0.72 -34.47µm (Hoto 13c).Tunda an rufe lahani mai siffa V mai jujjuyawa cikin nisa ta hanyar lanƙwasa yayin aikin mirginawar sanyi, an ɓata shi zuwa wani lahani mai siffar V tare da gangaren gangare fiye da na asali.
Lalacewar Zurfin, Nisa da Tsawon Lalacewar saman Waya ta OT a cikin Tsarin Masana'antu.
Aiwatar da lahanin saman zuwa wajen bazara da hasashen yuwuwar karyewa yayin jujjuyawar sanyi ta amfani da Binciken Ƙarshen Element.Ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan da aka jera a cikin Tebur.3, babu yuwuwar lalata lahani a farfajiyar waje.A takaice dai, babu lalacewa a zurfin lahani na saman daga 2.5 zuwa 40 µm.
Don hasashen lahani mai mahimmanci, an bincika karaya na waje yayin mirgina sanyi ta hanyar haɓaka zurfin lahani daga 40 µm zuwa 5 µm.A kan fig.14 yana nuna karaya tare da lahani na saman.Karaya yana faruwa a ƙarƙashin yanayin zurfin (55 µm), faɗi (2 µm), da tsayi (733 µm).Muhimmin zurfin lahani a waje da bazara ya juya ya zama 55 μm.
Tsarin harbe-harbe yana hana haɓakar fashe kuma yana ƙara rayuwar gajiya ta hanyar ƙirƙirar damuwa mai saura a wani zurfin zurfin daga saman bazara;duk da haka, yana haifar da ƙaddamar da damuwa ta hanyar haɓaka yanayin yanayin bazara, don haka rage juriya na gajiyar bazara.Sabili da haka, ana amfani da fasahar peening harbi na biyu don samar da maɓuɓɓugan ƙarfi masu ƙarfi don ramawa ga raguwar rayuwar gajiyar da ke haifar da haɓakar rashin ƙarfi na saman da ke haifar da bazuwar harbi.Peening mataki-biyu na iya inganta rashin ƙarfi na sama, matsakaicin matsananciyar matsananciyar damuwa, da kuma matsananciyar damuwa da saura saboda ana yin peening na biyu bayan harbin farko na peening12,13,14.
A kan fig.15 yana nuna samfurin nazari na tsarin fashewar harbi.An ƙirƙiri samfurin roba-roba wanda a cikinsa aka jefa ƙwallo 25 a cikin yankin da aka yi niyya na layin OT don fashewar harbi.A cikin samfurin binciken fashewar fashewar, an yi amfani da lahani na saman wayar OT da ta lalace yayin iska mai sanyi azaman lahani na farko.Cire sauran matsalolin da ke tasowa daga tsarin jujjuyawar sanyi ta hanyar zafin rai kafin tsarin fashewar harbi.An yi amfani da kaddarorin masu zuwa na filin harbi: yawa (ρ): 7800 kg/m3, modulus na roba (E) - 210 GPa, rabon Poisson (υ): 0.3.Ƙididdigar juzu'i tsakanin ƙwallon da kayan an saita zuwa 0.1.An fitar da harbe-harbe da diamita na 0.6 da 0.3 mm a daidai wannan gudun na 30 m/s a lokacin fasinja na farko da na biyu.Bayan tsarin fashewar harbe-harbe (a tsakanin sauran hanyoyin masana'antu da aka nuna a cikin Hoto na 13), zurfin, faɗi, da tsayin lahani a cikin bazara ya kasance daga -6.79 zuwa 0.28 µm, -4.24 zuwa 1.22 µm, da -2 .59 zuwa 1.69 µm, bi da bi µm.Saboda nakasar filastik na projectile wanda aka fitar da shi daidai da saman kayan, zurfin lahani yana raguwa, musamman, nisa na lahani yana raguwa sosai.A bayyane yake, an rufe lahanin saboda nakasar filastik wanda ya haifar da bazuwar harbi.
A lokacin aikin raguwar zafi, tasirin sanyin sanyi da ƙarancin zafin jiki na iya yin aiki akan bawul ɗin injin a lokaci guda.Saitin sanyi yana haɓaka matakin tashin hankali na bazara ta hanyar matsa shi zuwa matakin da zai yiwu a yanayin zafi.A wannan yanayin, idan injin bawul ɗin bazara ya ɗora sama da ƙarfin kayan amfanin ƙasa, injin bawul ɗin bazara yana lalatawa, yana ƙara ƙarfin amfanin gona.Bayan nakasar filastik, bawul ɗin bazara yana jujjuyawa, amma haɓakar ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa yana ba da elasticity na bawul spring a ainihin aiki.Ƙarƙashin zafin jiki yana inganta zafi da juriya na lalacewa na maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu aiki a yanayin zafi2.
Lalacewar saman da aka lalata yayin fashewar fashewar a cikin binciken FE da ragowar filin danniya da aka auna tare da kayan aikin X-ray (XRD) an yi amfani da su zuwa ƙaramin ƙirar 2 (Fig. 8) don nuna canji a cikin lahani yayin raguwar zafi.An tsara ruwan bazara don yin aiki a cikin kewayon roba kuma an matsa shi daga tsayinsa kyauta na 50.5 mm zuwa tsayinsa mai tsayi na 21.8 mm sannan a ba da izinin komawa zuwa tsayinsa na asali na 50.5 mm azaman yanayin bincike.A lokacin raguwar zafi, lissafin lissafi na lahani yana canzawa kadan.A bayyane yake, ragowar matsananciyar damuwa na 800 MPa da sama, wanda aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar fashewar fashewar, yana hana nakasar lahani.Bayan rage zafi (Fig. 13), zurfin, nisa, da tsawon lahani na saman ya bambanta daga -0.13 zuwa 0.08 µm, daga -0.75 zuwa 0 µm, kuma daga 0.01 zuwa 2.4 µm, bi da bi.
A kan fig.16 yana kwatanta lahani na U-dimbin yawa da lahani na V na zurfin iri ɗaya (40 µm), faɗi (22 µm) da tsayi (600 µm).Canjin nisa na lahani na U-dimbin yawa da V ya fi girma fiye da canjin tsayi, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar rufewa a cikin jagorar nisa yayin jujjuyawar sanyi da aikin fashewar fashewar.Idan aka kwatanta da lahani na U-dimbin yawa, nakasassun nau'ikan V sun samo asali a cikin zurfin zurfi kuma tare da gangaren gangara, yana nuna cewa ana iya ɗaukar hanyar ra'ayin mazan jiya yayin amfani da lahani masu siffar V.
Wannan sashe yana magana ne akan lalacewar nakasar farko a cikin layin OT don kowane tsarin masana'antar bazara.Ana amfani da nakasar waya ta OT ta farko zuwa cikin magudanar ruwa inda ake sa ran gazawa saboda tsananin damuwa yayin aiki na bazara.Lalacewar saman saman V mai siffa ta OT na wayoyi na OT sun ƙaru kaɗan cikin zurfi da tsayi kuma sun ragu sosai cikin faɗin saboda lanƙwasa yayin iska mai sanyi.Rufewa a cikin shugabanci mai faɗi yana faruwa a lokacin harbin harbi tare da ɗan ƙaramin lahani ko rashin lahani yayin saitin zafi na ƙarshe.A cikin tsarin jujjuyawar sanyi da harbe-harbe, akwai babban nakasu a cikin shugabanci mai faɗi saboda nakasar filastik.Lalacewar nau'in V da ke cikin maɓuɓɓugar bawul ɗin yana canzawa zuwa lahani mai siffar T saboda rufe nisa yayin aikin mirgina sanyi.